Chapter 10: Brain Damage Flashcards by Ashe xxx | Brainscape

Q

Brain damage is an injury to the brain caused by ..

A

head trauma, inadequate oxygen supply, infections, or intracranial hemorrhage

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Q

Lack of oxygen to the brain is also known as

A

Hypoxia or anoxia

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Q

Brain tumor also known as

A

Neoplasm

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Q

a group of cells growing independently from rest of body

A

Neoplasm

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Q

Structure of brain tumor

A

Encapsulated - grow within own membrane

Infiltrating - grow diffusely through surrounding tissue

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Q

Origin of brain tumor

A

Gliomas originate from glial cells (often infiltrating)

qMeningiomas grow in the meninges (encapsulated and benign)

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Q

originate in one organ and spread to another

A

Metastatic

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Q

refer to the presence of cancerous growths in multiple locations within the body, which have originated from a primary cancer site elsewhere

A

Multiple metastatic tumors

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Q

process by which cancer cells break away from the primary tumor, travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and establish new tumors in distant organs or tissues

A

Metastasis

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Q

A benign tumor that develops on the vestibular nerve

A

Acoustic neuroma

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Q

Acoustic neuroma also known as

A

vestibular schwannoma

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Q

It is a thick, fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the skull and surrounds the entire brain and spinal cord.

A

Dura matter

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Q

Meningiomas are typically (malignant or benign)

A

Benign

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Q

responsible for producing myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes

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Q

resident immune cells of the CNS and function as the primary form of active immune defense

A

Microglia

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Q

line the cavities (ventricles) of the brain and involved in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Ependymal cells

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Q

Which is more difficult to treat: gliomas or meningiomas

A

Gliomas

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Q

Is acoustic neuroma benign or malignant

A

Benign

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Q

cerebrovascular disorder of sudden onset

A

Stroke

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Q

A stroke, also known as a

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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Q

occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to damage or death of brain tissue

A

Stroke

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Q

typically result in sudden neurological symptoms such as weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, dizziness, and severe headache

A

Stroke

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Q

refers to an area of tissue damage or death (necrosis)

A

Infarct

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Q

Infarct is caused by

A

inadequate blood supply

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Q

Ischemia

A

Insufficient oxygen supply

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Q

Surrounding the core is the —, which consists of brain tissue at risk of damage due to reduced blood flow

A

Penumbra

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Q

Stroke is caused by

A

cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia

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Q

This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding into the surrounding brain tissue

A

Cerebral hemorrhage

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Q

The majority of strokes are caused by —, which occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked by a clot or other obstruction.

A

Cerebral Ischemia

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Q

Cerebral ischemia can result from

A

Thrombosis, Embolism, Arteriosclerosis

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Q

the buildup of plaque within blood vessels

A

Atherosclerosis

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Q

Formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel supplying the brain

A

Thrombosis

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Q

Blockage of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus, which is a detached blood clot, air bubble, fat globule, or other foreign material that travels through the bloodstream from another part of the body

A

Embolism

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Q

A general term referring to the thickening and hardening of arterial walls

A

Arteriosclerosis

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Q

refers to injury or damage to brain tissue resulting from inadequate blood flow

A

Ischemic brain damage

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Q

Excessive glutamate release can overstimulate postsynaptic neurons through the activation of

A

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (glutamate receptor)

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Q

Activation of NMDA receptors can lead to

A

influx of calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron, triggering cell death pr excitotoxicity

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Q

refers to tissue damage that occurs beneath the skin’s surface due to blunt force trauma

A

Contusion

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Q

affects the underlying tissues, such as muscles, blood vessels, and organ

A

Contusion

Q

One defining feature of a contusion is that it involves

A

bleeding within the tissues without causing a visible cut or break in the skin

Q

localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels

A

Hematoma

Q

How does hematoma form

A

When blood vessels are damaged as a result of a contusion, blood can leak into the surrounding tissues. They may appear as swollen, discolored areas on the skin or may be located deeper within the body.

Q

One notable aspect of contusions in the brain is the possibility of

A

countrecoup injuries

Q

Imaging techniques used in contusion

A

MRI, CT Scan

Q

a type of traumatic brain injury characterized by the accumulation of blood outside the brain, typically between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

A

Subdural hematoma

Q

occurs when a sudden blow or jolt to the head disrupts the normal functioning of the brain

A

Concussion

Q

This disruption can lead to a temporary loss of consciousness

A

Concussion

Q

In contusion, there is a visible structural damage. In concussion,

A

concussions typically do not show up on imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs. Instead, it involves biochemical and metabolic changes within the brain that can disrupt normal neurological function.

Q

Concussions can result in a wide range of symptoms that affect various aspects of

A

cognition, motor function, and neurological well-being

Q

degenerative brain disease that has been linked to repeated head injuries, including concussions

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Q

an inflammation of the brain

A

Encephalitis

Q

Encephalitis is caused by

A

Bacteria or viral

Q

Bacterial causes include pathogens like

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Neisseria meningitidis,
Haemophilus influenzae

Q

Bacteria in encephalitis can enter the brain

A

directly — through trauma or surgery, or
indirectly — from other infected areas like sinuses or bloodstream

Q

often referred to simply as pneumococcus

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Q

bacterium commonly found in the respiratory tract of humans

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Q

Streptococcus pneumonia also known as

A

pneumococcus

Q

bacterium known for causing meningococcal disease

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Q

Neisseria meningitidis also known as

A

meningococcus

Q

often referred to simply as meningococcus

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Q

bacterium known for causing a range of infections, particularly in children

A

Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae)

Q

primary treatment for bacterial encephalitis

A

Antibiotics

Q

Bacterial encephalitis can extend to involve the

A

meninges, leading to meningitis

Q

presents with symptoms such as headache, neck stiffness, fever, and altered mental status

A

Meningitis

Q

bacterial encephalitis can lead to the formation of

A

Brain abscesses

Q

localized collections of pus within the brain tissue

A

Brain abscesses

Q

typically refers to the neurological and cognitive symptoms resulting from late-stage syphilis infection, which can manifest as a form of chronic bacterial encephalitis

A

General paresis

Q

It’s characterized by progressive dementia, personality changes, and motor dysfunction.

A

General paresis

Q

Virus-causing encephalitis..

A

Herpes simplex virus (HSV),
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV),
Enteroviruses, and
Arboviruses (such as West Nile virus or Japanese encephalitis virus)

Q

How does viral encephalitis enter the brain

A

through respiratory or gastrointestinal routes and then spread to the brain, where they cause inflammation.

Q

oral herpes (cold sores)

A

HSV-1

Q

genital herpes

A

HSV-2

Q

HSV means

A

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Q

VZV means

A

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

Q

It causes two distinct clinical syndromes: chickenpox (—) and shingles (—).

A

varicella, herpes zoster

Q

Certain viruses have a particular affinity for the central nervous system (CNS). This one causes acute viral encephalitis

A

Rabies virus

Q

has been linked to the development of epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and mood disorders

A

Viral encephalitis

Q

Some viruses, such as —, can establish latent infections in the nervous system after the initial acute phase of encephalitis.

A

herpes viruses

Q

This may be used to reduce inflammation in the brain

A

Corticosteroids

Q

Treatment for encephalitis

A

Bacterial — antibiotic; Virus — antiviral medication

Q

What is neurotoxins?

A

Substances that are toxic to the nervous system. They interfere with the normal functioning of nerve cells, leading to a range of neurological symptoms or disorders

Q

Examples of neurotoxic substances that are considered heavy metals

A

lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium

Q

refers to a condition characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and other psychotic symptoms resulting from exposure to toxic substances

A

toxic psychosis

Q

A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements, often involving the face, lips, tongue, and extremities.

It is most commonly associated with the long-term use of certain medications, particularly antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychiatric conditions.

A

tardive dyskinesia

Q

substances that are produced within the body and can have toxic effects on the nervous system

A

endogenous neurotoxins

Q

chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and scarring (sclerosis) of the nerve fibers in the CNS

A

Multiple Sclerosis

Q

Also known as Devic’s disease

A

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO)

Q

autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and demyelination primarily affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord

A

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO)

Q

refers to a group of autoimmune disorders characterized by inflammation of the brain, resulting from an immune response targeting neuronal proteins or receptors

A

Autoimmune encephalitis

Q

Down syndrome also called

A

trisomy 21

Q

Characteristics of Down Syndrome

A

Disfigurement
Intellectual impairments
Medical complications

Q

What does aneuploidy means

A

abnormal number of chromosomes

Q

These two are caused by mutations in the recessive genes, where both copies of the gene must be mutated for the disorder to manifest

A

Tay-Sachs disease and Rett Syndrome

Q

rare genetic disorder characterized by the progressive destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

A

Tay-Sachs disease

Q

Tay-Sachs disease is caused by mutations in the —, which encodes the enzyme —. Without this enzyme, a fatty substance called — accumulates in the cells, particularly in nerve cells of the brain.

A

HEXA gene,
hexosaminidase A (Hex A),
GM2 ganglioside

Q

rare genetic neurological disorder that primarily affects girls. It is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene, which is located on the X chromosome

A

Rett Syndrome

Q

caused by a mutation in the HTT gene, which provides instructions for making a protein called huntingtin. The mutation involves an expansion of a sequence of DNA known as a CAG trinucleotide repeat within the gene

A

Huntington’s disease