10.1 Flashcards
They commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a wide range of illnesses, including mild respiratory infections, hand, foot, and mouth disease (caused by coxsackievirus), viral meningitis, and myocarditis.
Enteroviruses
A highly regulated process by which cells undergo self-destruction in a controlled manne
Apoptosis
form of cell death that is typically associated with pathological processes and involves cellular swelling, rupture, and inflammation
Necrosis
often occurs in cells that are dysfunctional, damaged, or no longer needed by the body
Apoptosis.
Nucleus is impacted early in process. What cell death
Apoptosis
Nucleus is impacted late in process. What cell death
Necrosis
passive and uncontrolled form of cell death
Necrosis
This type of necrosis is characterized by the preservation of tissue architecture but loss of cellular structure.
Coagulative necrosis
This type of necrosis is often seen in ischemic injury, such as myocardial infarction, where the affected tissue becomes pale and firm
Coagulative necrosis
This type of necrosis results in the dissolution of tissue, leading to the formation of a liquid-filled cavity
Liquefactive necrosis
This type of necrosis is commonly seen in areas of bacterial infection, such as abscesses, where immune cells release enzymes that degrade tissue
Liquefactive necrosis
This type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of a soft, cheese-like necrotic material
Caseous Necrosis
This type of necrosis is often seen in granulomatous diseases, such as tuberculosis, where the immune system walls off infected tissue to prevent the spread of infection
Caseous Necrosis
This type of necrosis typically occurs in extremities (such as toes or fingers) and is characterized by dry or wet gangrene
Gangrenous necrosis
results from ischemia without bacterial infection, leading to tissue mummification
Dry gangrene
involves bacterial infection and tissue liquefaction.
Wet gangrene
neurological disorder characterixed by recurrent seizures
epilepsy
rhythmic jerking movements
convusion
Seizures can involve dierent types of muscle activity. What are the two?
Clonus refers to rapid, repetitive muscle contractions
Tonus refers to sustained muscle contractions (stiffening)
Sensory or perceptual disturbances that some individuals experience before the onset of a seizure
auras
Two main classes of seizures
focal and generalized seizures
– seizures may have localized symptoms, such as twitching in a specific
part of the body or alterations in perception.
focal
seizures typically involve widespread eects, such as loss
of consciousness
generalized
These seizures typically involve localized symptoms without loss of consciousness. They often manifest as sensory or motor disturbances, such as tingling sensations, muscle twitching, or jerking movements.
simple partial (focal seizure)
Also known as focal impaired awareness seizures,
these seizures are characterized by alterations in consciousness and complex motor or sensory phenomena.
They commonly arise from the temporal lobes of the brain and may involve motor symptoms such as repetitive movements or automatisms (repetitive, purposeless behaviors).
complex partial (focal seizure)
tonic-clonic seizure also called (generalized seizure)
grand mal seizure
absense also called (generalized seizure)
petit mal seizure
During an – seizure, the individual may appear to stare blankly into space, with a sudden onset and oset of the seizure activity.
absence
– seizures are often associated with a brief loss of awareness or responsiveness, but they do not typically involve convulsive movements.
Absence
Treatments for epilepsy
Anti-epileptic medication
Vagal nerve stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Ketogenic diet
Surgery
