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A-level Biology Longridge Towers School > Chapter 10 Biodiversity > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is binomial naming?

A

A system of naming a species using the organism’s genus and species name (2 names) in modern latin.

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2
Q

What are the rules of the binomial naming system?

A

The first name is the genus and is capitalised. Second name is species and has no capital. If handwritten, it should be underlined if typed then in italics.
Example: Homo sapiens

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3
Q

Give 3 benefits of courtship behaviour.

A

Allows individuals to recognise members of the same species.

It allows identification of a mate that is capable of breeding and forming a pair bond.

Mating can be synchronised.

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4
Q

What happens if a male displays an incorrect courtship dance?

A

The female will not respond.

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5
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Taxonomy is the practice of biological classification.

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6
Q

List the ranks below domains (hint: there are 7 after domain!)

A

Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species
You can remember this by: Kings Play Chess On Fancy Gold Squares
Example:

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7
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archaea, bacteria and eukarya

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8
Q

What is the purpose of phylogenetic classification?

A

To arrange species into groups based on their evolutionary origins and relationships.

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9
Q

How can evolutionary relationships be determined?

A

Through comparison of genomes or immunological techniques.

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10
Q

Describe how to use an immunological technique to determine how closely related 2 species are.

A
  1. Extract albumin (a protein) from multiple species.
  2. Inject the albumin into a different species.
  3. Extract antibodies from the blood of the injected animal.
  4. Mix the antibodies with the albumin of different species.
  5. Weight the antibody-antigen complex (precipitate) produced.
  6. The greater the mass of precipitate the more closely related the 2 species are.
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11
Q

What is each phylogenetic group called?

A

A taxon.

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12
Q

Is there overlap between taxa (plural of taxon).

A

Nope.

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13
Q

What are 5 features of the bacteria domain?

A

No histones

No membrane bound organelles.

70s ribosomes

Cell walls are made of murein (peptidoglycan).

No nucleus.

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14
Q

What are 4 features of the archaea domain?

A

DNA synthesis and protein synthesis are more like eukaryotes.

Membranes contain fatty acids joined to glycerol by ester linkages.

If they have a cell wall it doesn’t contain murein (peptidoglycan).

No nucleus.

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15
Q

What are 6 features of the eukarya domain?

A

They contain membrane bound organelles.

Membranes contain fatty acids joined to glycerol by ester linkages.

If they have a cell wall it doesn’t contain murein.

80s ribosomes.

Histones.

Have a nucleus.

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16
Q

What is ‘species richness’?

A

The number of different species in a particular area at a given time.

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17
Q

What do you need to know to calculate an index of diversity?

A

The total number of organisms of all species and the total number of organisms of each species.

18
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community.

19
Q

Give 5 ways that agriculture has reduced species diversity.

A

Agriculture is based on monoculture.

Agricultural removal of hedgerows.

Overgrazing of land.

Use of pesticides.

Absence of crop rotation and intercropping.

20
Q

Give 4 steps that farmers can take to conserve species diversity.

A

Plant hedges instead of using fences.
Maintain existing ponds.
Reduce the use of pesticides.
Use crop rotation and intercropping

21
Q

Give 4 ways of measuring genetic diversity.

A

Comparison of DNA base sequences.

Comparison of measurable observable characteristics.

Comparison of the base sequences of mRNA.

Comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins.

22
Q

How can sampling bias be prevented?

A

Random sampling

23
Q

How can the effect of chance when sampling be reduced?

A

Using a large sample size.

24
Q

What are the 2 different types of variation?

A

Continuous and discontinuous variation.

25
Q

Name 6 different ways of presenting data.

A

Bar chart

Scatter graph

Line graph

Table

Pie chart

Histogram

26
Q

How do we usually represent continuous data?

A

Line graph or histogram

27
Q

How do we usually represent discontinuous data?

A

Pie chart, bar chart

28
Q

What is a ‘normal distribution curve’?

A
29
Q

How is ‘mean’ calculated?

A

Add all the values together and divide by the number of values there are. Sometimes this is referred to as an average.

30
Q

How is the ‘mode’ determined?

A

The mode is the most frequent value in a set of data.

31
Q

How is the ‘median’ determined?

A

If all the values in a data set are placed in order the median is the number in the middle (same number of values higher as lower).

32
Q

How do you determine the mean from a normal distribution curve?

A

The mean is the peak in the normal distribution curve.

33
Q

What is ‘standard deviation’?

A

Standard deviation measures the spread of data around the mean value. It is very useful when comparing consistency between different data sets. The mean must be calculated before working out the standard deviation.

34
Q

How is standard deviation calculated?

A
35
Q

How do you know how many significant figures you should give in your answer?

A
  1. Always look for the instructions in the question.
  2. In the absence of any instruction always use the same number of significant figures as there are in the data that you use to calculate the answer.
36
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

The null hypothesis is that there is no correlation between the variables investigated.

37
Q

What does it mean if the null hypothesis is rejected?

A

That any pattern in the data is due to chance and that there is no correlation between the variables investigated.

38
Q

What is a ‘Student T test’?

A

A statistical test used to judge whether there is any significant difference between sets of normally distributed data collected from 2 groups. Each set must have more than 15 samples.

39
Q

How can a t-test value be used to determine whether there is a significant difference between groups?

A

If the calculated value is greater than or equal to the critical value, then we can reject the null hypothesis and because there is a less than 5% probability that the difference between the mean values is due to chance.
The critical value is given in a table you can refer to.

40
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

A calculation to determine if there is a correlation between 2 variables.

A-level Biology Longridge Towers School (37 decks)

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