Chapter 10 and 11 Quizzes Flashcards
What are the major factors of the American Industrial Revolution?
Advances in transportation and communications, growth of manufacturing technology, development of new systems of business organization, and population growth
By how much did the population between 1790-1840 grow?
3x
Why did the population grow during the American Industrial Revolultion?
Improvement on public health (epidemics and morality rate decreased),high birth rate, and migration from New England to West
Where did migration usually go from during the Industrial Revolution?
Agricultural regions of New England became less profitable and moved to West and East
What is Nativism?
When others feared growth of foreign population
How were immigrants seen during the Industrial Revolution?
Immigrants were seen as “alien menace;” societies formed against them
Which party did the Know-Nothings originally come from?
Native American Party
What was the name of the Know-Nothing’s political organization and which election did they have success in?
the American Party, immediate success in elections of 1854
In which states did the Know-Nothings thrive?
PA, NY, and won control of government in MA
What was the Know Nothing’s progress in the Northeast?
Progress was modest
At what date did the strength of the Know-Nothings decline and the Native American party soon disappeared?
After 1854
Why was there growing interest in building canals?
On riverboats, it costed to much to transport goods than the actual goods
How did canals affect white settlement?
Increased white settlement in Northwest
What was the most important canal during the American Industrial Revolution?
the Erie Canal
What were the role of railroads during the Industrial Revolution?
Railroads played a small role in 1820s and 1830s. Eventually, railroads became a primary source of transportation.
How did trains affect relationships in America?
It lessened dependece of the West on the Mississippi River and helped further weaken connection between NW and South
What was the symbol of the railroads?
Became a symbol of the nation’s technological progress/greatness.
Who was the inventor of the telegraph?
Samuel F. Morse
What was the importance of the telegraph?
Telegraphs allowed railroad operators to communicate directly with stations, alert stations about delays, schedule changes, etc. Overall, telegraphs helped prevent accidents
Which region of the US had the highest output of manufactured goods?
Northeast produced more than 2/3 of manufactured goods
Who mainly supported the adavnces of technology and why?
Manufacturing of machinery was supported by the government because of its connection to the military (precision grinding machine was used to standardize rifle parts)
What did Charles Goodyear discover?
Discovered vulcanizing rubber; advance to rubber industry
What was the transition of Lowell factory labor conditions?
Wages declined, working conditions deteriorated, and hours increased
Which European group worked in New England’s unskilled labor work force and what did they do?
Poorly paid Irish Immigrants performed heavy unskilled work on turnpikes, canals, and railroads
What work force did factories replace?
Factories replaced trades of skilled artisans
What was the Ruling of Commonwealth v. Hunt?
greatest industrial worker legal victory in MA, when the state supreme court declared that unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon
What was the effect of commercial and industrial growth?
Commercial and Industrial growth increased the average income of the American people; highly unequal distribution of wealth
Which group gained substantial wealth?
Merchants, industrialists
Which group didn’t recieve any wealth?
Slaves, Indians, Landless farmers
What was the fastest growing group in America?
Middle Class
What were some examples of Leisure Activities?
Theater, Minstrel Shows, Baseball, and Circuses
What was the Cult of Domesticity?
Gave women material comfort and placed a higher value on their “female virtues.” (distinctive female culture)
What was the cause of Northern Agriculture to decline?
Agriculture was expensive; farmers could no longer compete with the new and richer soil of Northwest (farmers moved west to become laboreres or remained supplying food for growing eastern cities)
What invention did Cyprus McCormick create and what did it do?
He created the automatic reaper which was a wheat harvester. It replaced the sickle, cradle, and hand labor.
What was the cause of the shift in economic power in the South?
Shift of economic power from the “upper south,” the original southern states alond the Atlantic Coast, to the “lower south,” expanding new states of the southwest was caused by the growing dominance of cotton
What were some important Southern crops?
Tobacco was not good; rice was stable but long growing season; sugar required intense long labor and growing time; cotton was lucrative and grew only in limited area
What was Short Staple Cotton?
It was hardier and coarser; grew in different climates and soil; cotton gin was used to solve seed problems
What was De Bow’s Commercial Review?
He called for southern commercial and agriculture expansion and economic independece from North
What was the Southernn transportation system like?
there was inadequate transportation (no canals, bad roads, ineffective railroads)
What was the South’s reason for agricultural economy?
great profitability of the region’s agricultural system; economy boomed in south; invested so much into land and slaves; no room for other investments
What was the Planter Class?
Society dominated of wealthy land owning planters because of planter aristrocracy; whites who owned at least 40-50 slaves and 800 acres of land; no longstanding aristocracy; usually first generation settlers who were sustained image as aristrocrats
What was the general view of the Southern Lady?
Had roles similar to middle-class white women in the North, except life wasn’t centered at home or companions to husbands. They were more engaged in economic life becoming like the middle class women of the North. They engaged in spinning, weaving, and agricultural tasks. Few rebelled against their roles and joined northerners to abolish slavery.
Who were the Plain Folk?
Not a great planter and slaveholder, but modest yeomen farmer. 3/4 of all white families owned no slaves. Substinence was farming, cotton, or crops farming. They could never expand their operations or get out of debt
What were the Slave Codes on slaves and their rights?
No property, leaving masters, out after dark, firearms, striking whites; prohibited whites from teaching slaves how to read and write (poor enforcement of laws); owners gave unique interpretations of the “Slave Codes”
Who were Head-Drivers?
Slaves who acted as overseers
What was the General View of life under Slavery?
Generally had an adequate diet; were provided with cheap clothing and shoes; lived in rough cabins called slave quarters; plantation mistress or doctor usually provided medical care; work started at a young age; harvest days were the worst; slave women had rougher life; slave couples usually split; generally died at a younger age/population declined; smaller plantations meant better treatment/family-like relations
What was life like for free African-Americans?
were very poor and had limited opportunity; usually freed by masters for moral decisions or after master died
What were types of slave resistance?
Rebellion, running away, subtle defiance (fake injury, slow down work progress)
Which religion were slaves converted/coerced/persuaded into?
Christianity
What were separate slave religions and why did they develop?
They were developed because black churches were banned by law (occasional religious traditions included bondage)
What is Pidgin?
There was a great amount of different African languages. To eliminate confusion, the simple and common language of Pidgin was developed in which it relied on music and dance
What was the importance of Slave Spirituals?
Through the spiritual, Africans from America not only expressed their religious faith, but also lamented their bondage and expressed continuing hope for freedom
What were aspects of the Slave Family?
Crucial instituion of black culture located in the South. It suddered legal restrictions like religion. It emerged as the dominant kinship model among African Americans (Nuclear Family).
Why was there Paternalism for slaves?
Although blacks yearned for freedom, they often relied on whites for food, clothing, shelter, and security/protection. The paternal relationship between slave and master consisted of harsh actions, but sometimes kind actions. Creating mutual dependence helped reduced resistance from blacks.
