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chapter 12 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which of the following would result from a reduced number of erythrocytes in the blood?
    a. Increased hemoglobin in the blood
    b. Decreased hematocrit
    c. Increased risk of hemostasis
    d. Decreased osmotic pressure of the
    blood
A

b. Decreased hematocrit
The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood as determined by separation of red blood cells from the plasma usually by centrifugation

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2
Q
  1. What term is used to describe a deficit of all types of blood cells?
    a. Leucopenia
    b. Neutropenia
    c. Pancytopenia
    d. Erythrocytosis
A

. Pancytopenia

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3
Q
  1. Capillary walls consist of:
    a. multiple endothelial layers.
    b. a thick layer of smooth
    muscle.
    c. two or three epithelial layers.
    d. a single endothelial layer.
A

d. a single endothelial layer.

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4
Q
  1. Vitamin K is required by the liver to synthesize:
    a. heparin.
    b. prothrombin.
    c. amino acids.
    d.
A

prothrombin

a plasma protein produced in the liver in the presence of vitamin K and converted into thrombin in the clotting of blood

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5
Q
  1. Individuals with type O blood are considered to be universal donors because their blood:
    a. contains A and B
    antibodies.
    b. contains A and B antigens.
    c. lacks A and B antibodies.
    d. lacks A and B antigens.
A

d. lacks A and B antigens

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6
Q
  1. What are the two circulations that comprise the overall circulatory system?
    a. Pulmonary and systemic circulations
    b. Peripheral and central circulations
    c. Cardiovascular and lymphatic circulations
    d. Cardiopulmonary and peripheral
    circulations
    ANS:
A

a. Pulmonary and systemic circulations

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7
Q
  1. Chronic blood loss causes anemia because of the:
    a. shortened life span of the erythrocytes.
    b. lower metabolic rate.
    c. loss of protein and electrolytes.
    d. smaller amount of recycled iron
    available.
A

d. smaller amount of recycled iron

available.

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8
Q
  1. What is the cause of sickle cell anemia?
    a. A defective gene inherited from both
    parents
    b. A chronic bacterial infection
A

a. A defective gene inherited from both

parents

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9
Q
  1. Which of the following best describes the characteristic erythrocyte associated with pernicious anemia?
    a. Hypochromic, microcytic
    b. Normochromic, normocytic
    c. Elongated, sickle-shaped
    d. Megaloblastic or macrocytic nucleated
    cells
A

d. Megaloblastic or macrocytic nucleated

cells

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10
Q
  1. What causes numbness and tingling in the fingers of individuals with untreated pernicious anemia?
    a. Persistent hyperbilirubinemia
    b. Increasing acidosis affecting metabolism
    c. Vitamin B12 deficit causing peripheral nerve demyelination
    d. Multiple small vascular occlusions affecting peripheral
    nerves
A

c. Vitamin B12 deficit causing peripheral nerve demyelination

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11
Q
  1. Jaundice is one typical sign of:
    a. sickle cell anemia.
    b. aplastic anemia.
    c. iron deficiency
    anemia.
    d. acute leukemia.
A

a. sickle cell anemia.

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12
Q
  1. What are the typical early general signs and symptoms of anemia?
    a. Chest pain, palpitations
    b. Jaundice, stomatitis
    c. Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue
    d. Bradycardia, heat intolerance
A

c. Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue

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13
Q
  1. What is the cause of oral ulcerations and delayed healing occurring with any severe anemia?
    a. Lack of folic acid for DNA synthesis
    b. Frequent microinfarcts in the tissues
    c. Deficit of oxygen for epithelial cell mitosis and
    metabolism
    d. Elevated bilirubin levels in blood and body fluids
A

c. Deficit of oxygen for epithelial cell mitosis and

metabolism

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14
Q
  1. Which of the following is present with pernicious anemia?
    a. Pancytopenia
    b. Hypochlorhydria
    c. Leukocytosis
    d. Multiple infarcts
A

b. Hypochlorhydria

deficiency of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice

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15
Q
  1. Why is pernicious anemia treated with injections of vitamin B12?
    a. An immune reaction in the stomach would destroy the
    vitamin.
    b. Digestive enzymes would destroy the vitamin.
    c. The vitamin irritates the gastric mucosa.
    d. The ingested vitamin would not be absorbed into the blood.
A

d. The ingested vitamin would not be absorbed into the blood.

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16
Q
  1. Why do abnormally low hemoglobin values develop with pernicious anemia?
    a. Decreased production of erythrocytes
    b. Shorter life span of erythrocytes
A

b. Shorter life span of erythrocytes

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17
Q
  1. What are the common early signs of aplastic anemia?
    a. Painful joints and skeletal deformity
    b. Abdominal discomfort and splenomegaly
    c. Excessive bleeding and recurrent
    infections
    d. Palpitations and chest pain
A

c. Excessive bleeding and recurrent

infections

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18
Q
  1. Why do vascular occlusions and infarcts occur frequently with sickle cell anemia?
    a. The red blood cells are abnormally large.
    b. Increased hemolysis of erythrocytes occurs.
    c. Erythrocytes change to sickle shape when hypoxia
    occurs.
    d. HbS is unable to transport oxygen.
A

c. Erythrocytes change to sickle shape when hypoxia
occurs.(: a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body
)

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19
Q
  1. Which of the following applies to sickle cell trait?
    a. Most hemoglobin is in the form of HgS
    b. Sickling of erythrocytes occurs with severe hypoxia.
    c. Painful sickling crises with multiple infarctions occur
    frequently.
    d. A child’s skeletal growth is delayed.
A

b. Sickling of erythrocytes occurs with severe hypoxia.(: a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body
)

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20
Q
  1. What is the basic abnormality in thalassemia?
    a. Several amino acids in the globin chains have been replaced by substitute amino acids.

b. More than four globin chains are found in the erythrocytes.
c. The iron molecule is displaced in hemoglobin.
d. There is failure to synthesize either the alpha or beta chains in the hemoglobin
molecule.

A

d. There is failure to synthesize either the alpha or beta chains in the hemoglobin
molecule.

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21
Q
  1. Which of the following can result from a malabsorption problem?
    a. Aplastic anemia
    b. Sickle cell anemia
    c. Thalassemia major
    d. Pernicious anemia
A

d. Pernicious anemia

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22
Q
  1. In individuals with pernicious anemia, antibodies form to:
    a. vitamin B12.
    b. intrinsic factor or parietal
    cells.
    c. mucus-producing glands.
    d. hydrochloric acid.
A

b. intrinsic factor or parietal

cells.

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23
Q
  1. In cases of polycythemia vera, blood pressure is elevated as a result of:
    a. increased blood volume.
    b. frequent infarcts in the coronary circulation.
    c. congested spleen and bone marrow.
    d. increased renin and aldosterone secretions.
A

a. increased blood volume.

24
Q
  1. Petechiae and purpura are common signs of:
    a. excessive hemolysis.
    b. leucopenia.
    c. increased bleeding.
    d. hemoglobin deficit.
A

c. increased bleeding.

25
Q
  1. Which statement applies to the disorder hemophilia A?
    a. It is transmitted as an X-linked dominant trait.
    b. There is usually a total lack of factor VIII in the
    blood.
    c. Males and females can be carriers.
    d. Hematomas and hemarthroses are common.
A

d. Hematomas and hemarthroses are common.

26
Q
  1. Which of the following occurs when disseminated intravascular coagulation develops?
    a. Increased thrombocytes and blood clotting
    b. Hemolysis with loss of blood cells
    c. Massive sepsis and hemorrhage
    d. Multiple thrombi and deficit of clotting
    factors
A

d. Multiple thrombi and deficit of clotting

factors

27
Q
  1. Which of the following substances acts as an anticoagulant?
    a. Prothrombin
    b. Heparin
    c. Fibrinogen
    d. Vitamin K
A

b. Heparin

28
Q
  1. In individuals with acute leukemia, the increased number of malignant leukocytes leads to:
  2. decreased hemoglobin.
  3. thrombocytopenia.
  4. bone pain with increased activity.
  5. splenomegaly.
    a. 1, 3
    b. 1, 2, 4
    c. 2, 3, 4
    d. 1, 2, 3, 4
A

b. 1, 2, 4

29
Q
  1. Multiple opportunistic infections develop with acute leukemia primarily because:
    a. the number of white blood cells is decreased.
    b. many circulating leukocytes are immature.
    c. severe anemia interferes with the immune response.
    d. decreased appetite and nutritional intake reduce natural
    defenses.
A

b. many circulating leukocytes are immature.

30
Q
  1. Why is excessive bleeding a common occurrence with acute leukemia?
    a. Deficit of calcium ions
    b. Impaired production of prothrombin and
    fibrinogen
    c. Decreased platelets
    d. Dysfunctional thrombocytes
A

c. Decreased platelets

31
Q
  1. Predisposing factors to leukemia commonly include:
    a. exposure to radiation.
    b. certain fungal and protozoal infections.
    c. familial tendency.
A

a. exposure to radiation.

32
Q
  1. Von Willebrand disease is caused by:
    a. defective erythrocytes that become deformed in shape, causing
    occlusions.
    b. excessive lymphocytes that do not mature.
    c. absence of a clotting factor that helps platelets clump and stick.
    d. a lack of hemoglobin due to iron deficiency.
A

c. absence of a clotting factor that helps platelets clump and stick.

33
Q
  1. Thrombophilia can result in conditions such as:
    a. severe chronic kidney disease.
    b. peripheral vascular disease.
    c. deficient calcium levels in the long
    bones.
    d. excessive bleeding of hematomas.
A

b. peripheral vascular disease.

34
Q
  1. Multiple myeloma is a malignant tumor involving:
    a. plasma cells.
    b. granulocytes.
    c. bone cells.
    d. lymph nodes.
A

a. plasma cells.

35
Q
  1. What is the primary treatment for the leukemias?
    a. Radiation
    b. Chemotherapy
    c. Surgery
A

b. Chemotherapy

36
Q
  1. Which of the following statements applies to hemochromatosis. It is:
    a. caused by excessive iron intake in the diet.
    b. results from excessive hemolysis of RBCs.
    c. a metabolic error that leads to excess amounts of hemosiderin, causing damage to
    organs.
    d. an inherited defect that results in abnormal hemoglobin.
A

c. a metabolic error that leads to excess amounts of hemosiderin, causing damage to
organs.

37
Q
  1. Thalassemia is caused by:
    a. a defect in one or more genes for hemoglobin.
    b. an abnormal form of heme.
    c. abnormal liver production of amino acids and
    iron.
    d. overproduction of hypochromic, microcytic
    RBCs.
A
  1. Thalassemia is caused by:
    a. a defect in one or more genes for hemoglobin.
    b. an abnormal form of heme.
    c. abnormal liver production of amino acids and
    iron.
    d. overproduction of hypochromic, microcytic
    RBCs.
38
Q
  1. Secondary polycythemia may be associated with:
    a. frequent angina attacks.
    b. certain types of anemia.
    c. severe chronic bronchitis.
    d. renal disease.
A

c. severe chronic bronchit

39
Q
  1. All of the following apply to vitamin K EXCEPT:
    a. it is used as an antidote for warfarin (Coumadin).
    b. the liver requires it to produce prothrombin.
    c. it is a fat-soluble vitamin.
    d. the bone marrow requires it to synthesize
    hemoglobin.
A

d. the bone marrow requires it to synthesize

hemoglobin.

40
Q
  1. Leukemia is sometimes linked to chromosome abnormalities, as evidenced by:
    a. the presence of Philadelphia chromosome translocation in cases of acute myelogenous leukemia
    (AML).
    b. very low incidence in persons with Down syndrome.
    c. little evidence of familial incidence.
    d. transmission as a recessive gene
A

a. the presence of Philadelphia chromosome translocation in cases of acute myelogenous leukemia
(AML).

41
Q
  1. Iron deficiency anemia frequently results from any of the following EXCEPT:
    a. certain vegetarian diets.
    b. excessive menstrual flow.
    c. malabsorption syndromes.
    d. diabetes mellitus.
A

d. diabetes mellitus.

42
Q
  1. Which of the following applies to the leukemias?
    a. Chronic leukemias are more common in older people.
    b. AML is the most common childhood leukemia.
    c. Exposure to chemicals is not considered a predisposing factor.
    d. Lymphoid tissue produces abnormal leukocytes.
A

a. Chronic leukemias are more common in older people.

43
Q
  1. A high percentage of blast cells in the leukocyte population indicates a poor prognosis for an individual
    with:
    a. thalassemia.
    b. acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).
    Test Bank - Gould’s Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (6th Edition by Hubert) 107
    c. myelodysplastic syndrome.
    d. multiple myeloma.
A

b. acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).

44
Q
  1. Which of the following applies to erythropoietin?
    a. It is produced by the liver.
    b. It increases iron absorption for heme production.
    c. It stimulates production of red blood cells.
    d. Hypoxia stimulates the red bone marrow to produce
    erythropoietin.
A

c. It stimulates production of red blood cells.

45
Q 
45. Which of the following diagnostic tests would be within the normal range for an individual with
hemophilia A?
a. Bleeding time
b. Coagulation time
c. PTT time
d. Prothrombin time
A

a. Bleeding time

46
Q
  1. Which of the following applies to the condition disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
    a. It is usually a secondary complication.
    b. It is always initiated by excessive bleeding.
    c. It results in an inability of platelets to
    adhere.
    d. It is not life threatening.
A

a. It is usually a secondary complication.

47
Q
  1. In which blood dyscrasia does pancytopenia develop?
    a. Pernicious anemia
    b. Aplastic anemia
    c. Iron deficiency
    anemia
    d. Sickle cell anemia
A

b. Aplastic anemia

48
Q
  1. Which of the following applies to the etiology of aplastic anemia? It is:
    a. idiopathic in many cases.
    b. a genetic disorder.
    c. predisposed by exposure to
    myelotoxins.
    d. Both A and C.
A

d. Both A and C.

49
Q
  1. Microcytic and hypochromic erythrocytes are commonly found as a result of:
    a. iron deficiency anemia.
    b. polycythemia.
    c. disseminated intravascular
    coagulation.
    d. hemophilia A.
A

a. iron deficiency anemia.

50
Q

A _____in pH, an in____ CO2 or a _____in O2 lead to vasodilation.

A

decrease
increase
decrease

51
Q

In a local inflammatory response histamine release or an increase in temperature will lead to

A

vasodilation - Think about what a site of injury looks like: its usually warm, red, possibly swollen. This is due to the local inflammatory response, or the vasodilation of the blood vessels in an attempt to increase blood flow to the the area to enhance healing.
Right! Good job!

Think about what a site of injury looks like: its usually warm, red, possibly swollen.

This is due to the local inflammatory response, or the vasodilation of the blood vessels in an attempt to increase blood flow to the the area to enhance healing.

52
Q

Given what you already know, which components of blood do you think filter out of the capillary bed? Check all that apply.

A

d.
glucose

e.	 oxygen

f.	 electrolytes

g.	 hormones

h.	 water

i.	 carbon dioxide
53
Q

The main function of RBC’s is ___________. When an RBC gets into the pulmonary circulation, hemoglobin, a protein, becomes fully saturated with oxygen and is ready to circulate to the entire body.

A

transport 02

54
Q

Hemophilia A is the most commonly clotting disorder. While it is carried by it only affects . Depending on the amount of factor in the blood, people can have mild or severe cases of anemia with the majority of the cases in the US being . With mild hemophilia, bleeding occurs . With excessive hemophilia bleeding occur . Preventative care is the primary treatment strategy and includes avoidance of injury, as well as pre-op IV replacement therapy for . or blood transfusions may also be used.

A

Hemophilia A is the most commonly ___inherited clotting disorder. While it is carried by women it only affects men . Depending on the amount of factor in the blood, people can have mild or severe cases of anemia with the majority of the cases in the US being severe. With mild hemophilia, bleeding occurs after trauma. With excessive hemophilia bleeding occur spontaneously. Preventative care is the primary treatment strategy and includes avoidance of injury, as well as pre-op IV replacement therapy forfactor VIII . Desmopressin or blood transfusions may also be used.

55
Q

In kids thrombocytopenia is typically caused by , while in adults it is often caused by . In either case, it is often evidenced by the appearance of , small pinpoint red dots on the skin or larger reddish areas of microvascular hemorrhage. Cancer patients may also be at increased risk for thrombocytopenia due to their exposure to that may destroy all blood cells including platelets. Certain medications such as could also put a person at risk of excessive bleeding or possibly developing thrombocytopenia.

A

In kids thrombocytopenia is typically caused by Acute viral infections , while in adults it is often caused by actute viral infection . In either case, it is often evidenced by the appearance of petechiae, small pinpoint red dots on the skin or larger reddish areas of microvascular hemorrhage. Cancer patients may also be at increased risk for thrombocytopenia due to their exposure to chemotherapy or radiation
that may destroy all blood cells including platelets. Certain medications such as anticoagulants could also put a person at risk of excessive bleeding or possibly developing thrombocytopenia.

56
Q

With this in mind, which WBC’s are granulocytes:

[mark all correct answers]
a.
neutrophils

b.	 lymphocytes

c.	 monocytes

d.	 eosinophils

e.	 basophils
A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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