Chapter 10 Flashcards
Apocrine Glands
Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm and genital areas that secrete sweat.
Arrector Pili Muscle
Small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh when the appendage contracts, sometimes called goose bumps and papillae.
Barrier Function
Protective barrier of the epidermis; the corneum and intercellular matrix protect the surface from irritation and dehydration.
Ceramides
Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of skin’s intercellular matrix and barrier function.
Collagen
Fibrous, connective tissue made from protein; found in recticular layer of the dermis; gives skin it’s firmness. Topically, a large, long-chain molecular protein that lies on the top of the skin and binds water; derived from placentas of cows or other sources.
Corneocytes
Another name for the stratum conrneum cell. Hardened, waterproof, protective keratinocytes; these “dead” protein cells are dried out and lack nuclei.
Dermal Papillae
Membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis; contains nerve endings and supplies nourishment through capillaries to skin and follicles.
Dermis
Also known as the derma, corium, cutis, or true skin; support layer of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin below the epidermis.
Desmosomes
The structures that assist in holding cells together; intercellular connections made of proteins.
Eccrine Glands
Sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skin’s surface through pores; not attached to hair follicles, secretions do not produce an offensive odor.
Elastin
Protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin elasticity and firmness.
Epidermal Growth Factor
Abbreviated EFG; stimulates cells to produce and heal.
Epidermis
Outermost layer of the skin; a thin, protective layer with many cells, mechanisms, and nerve endings. It is made up of five layers: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, and Stratum Germinativum.
Emuelanin
A type of melanin that is dark brown to black in color. People with dark-colored skin mostly produce eumelanin. There are two types of melanin; the other type is Pheomelanin.
Fibroblasts
Cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins.
Follicles
Hair follicles and sebaceous follicles are tube-like openings in the epidermis.
Glycation
Caused by an elevation in blood sugar, glycation is binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures, known as Advanced Glycation End products (a.k.a. AGES) Glycation alters protein structures and decreases biological activity.
Hair Papillae
Cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle that fit into the hair bulb. The papillae are filled with tissue that contains the blood vessels and cells necessary for hair growth and follicle nourishment.
Hyaluronic Acid
Hydrating fluids found found in the skin; hydrophilic agent with water-binding properties.
Hydrolipidic
Hydrolipidic film is an oil-water balance that protects the skin’s surface.
Intercellular Matrix
Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation.
Keratin
Fiberous protein of cells that is also the principle component of skin, hair , and nails;provides resiliency and protection.
Keratinocytes
Epidermal cells composed of keratin, lipids, and other proteins.
Langerhans Immune Cells
Guard cells of the immune system that sense unrecognized foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and then process these antigens for removal through the lymph system.
Leukocytes
White blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites. These white blood cells also respond to allergies.
Lymph Vessels
Located in the dermis, these supply nourishment within the skin and remove waste.
Melanin
Tiny grains of pigment (coloring matter) that are produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis and in the papillary layers of the dermis. It is a protein that determines hair, eye and skin color; a defense mechanism to protect from the sun.
Melanocytes
Cells that produce skin pigment granules in the basal layer.
Melanosomes
Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin, a complex protein.
Papillary Layer
Top layer of the dermis next to the epidermis.
Pheomelanin
A type of melanin that is red and yellow in color. People with light-colored skin mostly produce phemelanin. There are two types of melanin; the other is eumelanin.
Pores
Tube-like opening for sweat glands on the epidermis.
Reticular layer
Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contains fat cells, blood vessels, sudorifeous (sweat) glands hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and nerve endings.
Rosacea
Chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing (redness) tenagiectasis (distended or dilated surface blood vessels), and in some cases the formation of papules and pustules.
Sebaceous Glands
Also known as oil glands; protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both the skin and hair.
Sebum
Oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both the skin and hair.
Stratum Corneum
Also known as horny layer; outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of corneocytes.
Stratum Germinativum
Also known as basal cell layer; active layer of the epidermis above the papillary layer of the dermis; a cell mitosis takes place here that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth.
Stratum Granulosum
Also known a granular layer; layer of the epidermis composed of cells filled with keratin that resemble granules; replaces cells shed from the stratum corneum.
Stratum Lucidum
Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum; thickest on the palms of hands and soles of feet.
Stratum Spinosum
Also known as spiny layer, layer of the epidermis above the stratum germinativum (basal) layer containing desmosomes, the intercellular connections made of proteins.
Subcutaneous Layer
Also known as hypodermis; subcutaneous adipose (fat) tissue located beneath the dermis; a protective cushion and energy storage for the body.
Subcutis Tissue
Also known as adipose tissue; fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin.
Sudoriferous Glands
Also known as sweat glands; excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals.
T-Cells
Identify molecules that have foreign peptides and also help regulate immune response.
Telangiectasia
Capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger or distended, blood vessels; commonly called couperose skin.
Transepidermal Water Loss
Abbreviated TEWL; water loss caused by evaporation on the skin’s surface.
Tyrosinase
The enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and thus produces melanin.
UVA Radiation
Also known as aging rays; longer wavelengths ranging between 320 and 400 nanometers that penetrate deeper into the skin than UVB; cause genetic damage and cell death. UVA contributes up to 95% of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.
UVB Radiation
Also known as burning rays; UVB wavelengths range between 290 and 320 nanometers UVB rays have shorter, burning wavelengths that are stronger and more damaging than UVA rays. UVB causes burning of the skin as well as tanning, skin aging, and cancer.
