Chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
Developmental psychology
A
- study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan
2
Q
Post hoc fallacy
A
- false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event
3
Q
Bidirectional influences
A
- developmental influences are bidirectional
- children’s experiences influence their development, but their development also influences their experiences
- parents influence their children’s behaviour, which influences the parents’ behaviour
4
Q
Cross-sectional design
A
- research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
- groups of participants that differ in age perform the same task
- quicker and cheaper, but subject to cohort effects (differences may be between generations rather than between ages)
5
Q
Longitudinal design
A
- research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
- the same people observed over time/ages
- longer and more expensive
- people may withdraw because the study is long term; the people who choose to withdraw is not random
- testing the same people repeatedly may result in them becoming better at the test
6
Q
Cohort effects
A
- effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
7
Q
Attrition
A
- participants dropping out of the study before it is completed
- selective attrition is when the dropout of participants is not random
8
Q
List 2 myths about early development
A
- Infant determinism
2. Childhood fragility
9
Q
Infant determinism
A
- the myth that extremely early experiences (first 3 years of life) are more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults
- there is no evidence that separating an infant from its mother during the first few hours after birth can produce lasting negative consequences for emotional adjustment
- early experience plays an important role in children’s development, but later experience can often offset the negative effects of early deprivation
10
Q
Childhood fragility
A
- the myth that children are easily damaged by experiences
11
Q
Resiliency
A
- the idea that children can withstand stress
- supported by research
12
Q
Nature
A
- biological endowment; genes
13
Q
Nurture
A
- physical and social environment
14
Q
Gene-environment interaction
A
- the effects of genes depend on the environment
- possessing a certain gene may result in higher risk of being a criminal, but only if you are also exposed to a certain environment
- therefore, you need both the gene and the environment to see the effects
15
Q
Epigenetics (gene expression)
A
- some genes “turn on” in response to specific environmental events
16
Q
Nature via nurture
A
- genetic predispositions can drive us to select and create particulate environments
- environment may be a consequence of genetic predispositions
- ie. fearful children will seek out safe environments, doesn’t mean that safe environments result in fearful children
17
Q
Prenatal development (define + list stages)
A
- development that occurs prior to birth
1. Germinal period
2. Embryonic period
3. Fetal period
18
Q
Germinal period
A
.
19
Q
Embryonic period
A
.
20
Q
Fetal period
A
.
21
Q
Obstacles to normal fetal development
A
.
22
Q
Zygote
A
.
