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BE Freshmen H Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

have characteristics of both living and non-living things

A

viruses

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2
Q

what are the components of a virus

A

DNA (or RNA) and protein

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3
Q

used 2 types of pneumococcus bacteria (type s & type r)

A

griffith

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4
Q

differences between the two types of pneumococcus bacteria

A

type s- caused diseases in mice

type r- harmless

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5
Q

what happened when griffith mixed dead S with live R

A

the mice died, living S cells were found in the dead mice

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6
Q

what did griffith’s experiments conclude

A

something remaining in the dead type S changed the type R into type S

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7
Q

cells change phenotype

A

transformation

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8
Q

chemically identified griffith’s “transforming factor” as DNA

A

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

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9
Q

used bacteriophages

A

Hershey and Chase

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10
Q

structure of DNA

A

2 polynucleotide chains

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11
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide

A

nitrogenous base, 5-carbon-sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group

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12
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine & cytosine

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13
Q

purines

A

adenine & guanine

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14
Q

strong bonds between nucleotides

A

covalent bonds

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15
Q

what parts of nucleotides are bonded covalently

A

sugar of 1 nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next (sugar-phosphate backbone)

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16
Q

shape of DNA

A

double helix

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17
Q

discovered DNA’s structure

A

watson and crick

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18
Q

provided information to the discovery of DNA’s structure through x-ray crystallography

A

Franklin

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19
Q

complimentary base pairing rules

A

A bonds with T

C bonds with G

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20
Q

which type of bond holds nitrogenous bases together

A

hydrogen bonds

21
Q

semiconservative

A

each double helix is 1/2 old and 1/2 new

22
Q

enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs

A

helicase

23
Q

enzyme that links nucleotides together and checks for mistakes

A

DNA polymerase

24
Q

how does genotype determine phenotype

A

DNA determines the synthesis of proteins

25
Q

made connections between DNA and protein using experiments with bread mold; “one gene- one enzyme hypothesis” “one gene-one polypeptide”

A

Beadle and Tatum

26
Q

2 steps of protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

27
Q

copying information in genes (DNA) into RNA molecules

A

Transcription

28
Q

decoding RNA to make protein

A

Translation

29
Q

where does transcription occur

A

in the nucleus

30
Q

enzyme that links RNA nucleotides to complementary DNA nucleotides during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

31
Q

how many phases are in transcription

A

3 phases; initiation, elongation, termination

32
Q

what happens in initiation

A

1) RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter

2) DNA sequence indicating the beginning of the sequence

33
Q

what happens in elongation

A

1) RNA polymerase moves along gene

2) complementary RNA nucleotides bond to DNA and are linked together by RNA polymerase

34
Q

what happens in termination

A

1) RNA polymerase reaches terminator and detaches from the gene
2) RNA peels away from DNA
3) DNA zips back up

35
Q

what are the three types of RNA

A

1) messenger (mRNA)
2) ribosomal (rRNA)
3) transfer (tRNA)

36
Q

contains info from DNA; encodes the amino acid sequence to be made

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

37
Q

along w protein, makes up ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

38
Q

brings correct amino acid to ribosome according to code in mRNA

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

39
Q

single strand of RNA; 80 nucleotides long

A

tRNA

40
Q

complementary to mRNA codons

A

anticodon

41
Q

initiation in translation

A

1) mRNA binds to ribosome

2) tRNA with complementary anticodon binds to start codon on mRNA

42
Q

elongation in translation

A

1) mRNA moves through ribosome
2) tRNA carrying next aa binds to mRNA
3) aa linked by peptide bonds
4) tRNA detaches and can pick up the same aa for use later in the chain

43
Q

termination in translation

A

1) stop codon on mRNA reaches ribosome

2) polypeptide is released from ribosome

44
Q

2 types of mutations

A

base substitution or base insertion/deletion

45
Q

1 nucleotide replaces w another

A

base substitution

46
Q

add/ remove 1 or more nucleotides

A

base insertion/ deletion

47
Q

which type of mutation causes a bigger change in the polypeptide

A

changes the reading frame ; stop codon could be inserted too early

48
Q

creation of mutations

A

mutagenesis

49
Q

how does mutagenesis occur

A

1) spontaneously during DNA replication

2) via mutagens - agents causing mutation (chemicals, radiation) ex UV light

BE Freshmen H Biology (2 decks)

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