Chapter 10

Question 1

aquaculture

Answer 1

Raising fish and shellfish on “fish farms” in controlled environments

Question 2

benefits of aquaculture?

Answer 2

1. Aquaculture provides a reliable source of protein for developing countries.
2. On a small scale, aquaculture is sustainable and is compatible with other activities.
3. On a large scale, aquaculture helps improve a nation’s food security.
4. Aquaculture reduces fishing pressures on wild stocks.
5. Aquaculture relies far less on fossil fuels than do fishing vessels, and is very energy-efficient.
6. Aquaculture provides a safer work environment than does commercial fishing.

Question 3

negative impacts of aquaculture?

Answer 3

1. The dense concentrations of farmed animals can increase the incidence of disease and necessitates the use of antibiotics.
2. Aquaculture can also produce large amounts of waste, both from the organisms being farmed and from uneaten feed.
3. The escape of farmed animals into the environment can have negative consequences such as spreading disease, outcompeting native species, and introducing new genetic material to a native population.

Question 4

landraces

Answer 4

locally adapted domesticated varieties of corn

Question 5

trangenes

Answer 5

genes from another organism

Question 6

undernutrition

Answer 6

receiving fewer calories than the minimum dietary energy requirement

Question 7

food security

Answer 7

the guarantee of an adequate, reliable, and available food supply to all people at all times

Question 8

overnutrition

Answer 8

receiving too many calories each day

Question 9

Malnutrition

Answer 9

a shortage of nutrients the body needs, and it can occur in both undernourished and overnourished individuals

Question 10

Biofuels

Answer 10

fuels derived from organic materials. They are used in internal combustion engines as replacements for petroleum.

Question 11

ethanol

Answer 11

made from corn is the primary biofuel in the US

Question 12

pesticides

Answer 12

Poisons that target pest organisms

Question 13

Biological control, or biocontrol

Answer 13

operates on the principle that “the enemy of one’s enemy is one’s friend.” We find natural enemies, or predators, of a species we consider a pest and introduce them to an area where the pests are a problem.

Question 14

Integrated pest management (IPM)

Answer 14

uses numerous techniques, including biocontrol, chemicals, population monitoring, habitat alteration, crop rotation, transgenic crops, alternative tillage methods, and mechanical pest removal.

Question 15

Pollination

Answer 15

is the process by which male sex cells of a plant (pollen) fertilize female sex cells of the same species of plant; it is the botanical version of sexual intercourse

Question 16

Genetic modification of organisms depends on

Answer 16

recombinant DNA

Question 17

Genetic engineering

Answer 17

any process in which scientists directly manipulate an organism’s genetic material in the lab by adding, deleting, or changing segments of DNA.

Question 18

Genetically modified (GM)

Answer 18

organisms have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA technology

Question 19

biotechnology

Answer 19

which is the material application of biological science to create products derived from organisms.

Question 20

Feedlots, or factory farms

Answer 20

are operations in which animals are housed in huge warehouses or pens where energy-rich food is provided to the animals that are living in extremely high densities

Question 21

Non- Supporters of GM crops:

Answer 21

Some fear the new foods might be dangerous.
Others are concerned that transgenes might escape and pollute ecosystems and damage nontarget organisms.
Still others worry that pests would evolve resistance to the supercrops and become “superpests,” or that transgenes would be transferred from crops to other plants, ruining the integrity of native crops.

Question 22

Supporter of GM Crops:

Answer 22

Supporters of GM crops maintain that transgenic crops are beneficial for the environment.
Reasons include using less pesticide, no ill health effects to humans, and encouraging no-till farming.