Chapter 10 Flashcards
What did burke say?
US ranks 4th in the world for per pupil spending
however we are much lower than other countries in math and reading
Americans 15 yrs olds middle zone in reading, near bottom in math falling behind Estonia and Slovenia
Overall Growth in the early years
the biggest language changes we see are in semantic and pragmatic skills
What is metalinguistic ability
the ability to think about language- makes big leaps during this time
what kind of skills develop at this age?
Fine Motor Skills: draw and write
Gross Motor Skills: for sports
What becomes increasingly important?
peers
what continues to develop?
theory of mind
at what age is full metalinguistic awareness achieved by?
7-8 years
Development of Syntactic Skills
A. What is an noun phrase?
persons, places, or things
remember that a noun phrase is a sentence role filled by people and objects
Noun phrases become more complex and sophisticated
for example:
@ 5 years old:
“A little car”(article + adj + noun)
@ 6 years old:
A big fluffy cat (Article+adj + noun)
children become better at using _____ appropriately
and add _____ (himself, herself)
- pronouns
2. reflexives
children can distinguish between ____ and ____ nouns.
mass nouns
count nouns
what are mass nouns?
homogenous, nonindiviudal substances
EX: water, sand, air
what are count nouns?
heterogenous, individual objects
EX: pencil, tomato, girl
B. What are verb phrases?
harder than noun phrases
irregular verbs develop slowly (e.g., caught, slid, blew)
should be there by 8 years old
C. Types of sentences
sentences become longer and more sophisticated more varied
at what age do children begin to understand passive sentences?
5 years old
__% of ___-___ yrs old produce full passive sentences.
80%
7.5-8 year olds
What is a complex sentence?
has an independent and dependent clause
EX: We will go to the movies if we have enough money.
what is a compound sentence?
two independent clauses joined by a conjunction
EX: I went to the movies AND my mom bought us some popcorn
Morphological development
Why is it important?
This is a very important because morphology is stressed in the common core state standards.
children especially need to master derivational suffixes, what are they?
changes in word classes EX: Root word: attach ( verb) Deriv suffix: -ment attachment- noun
the -ly suffix which converts adjectives into adverbs
appropriately, sincerely, thankfully
-it is not full mastered.
What are the 3 uses of -ER?
- acquired to mark the initiator of an action (e.g, paintER, preachER) mastered at 8 years old.
- marks an instrument for accomplishing an action ( erasER, blowER) mastered at 11 years old.
- used as a comparative (smallER, strongER) mastered in mid-elementary school
Semantic Development:
A. Vocabulary Growth
5 year olds have an expressive vocab. of around 2200
a first grader has an expressive vocal of how many words?
2600 words but may understand 8,000-10,000 english root words
by 6th grade a child understands around how many words?
50,000
Children need to learn how to organize words, what are they?
Taxonomies: categories of objects that share a common essence (fruits, weather,tools)
Themes: bound by an event ( cake, present candles= birthday party)
in terms of development
-younger children relate to themes.
as ch. gets older, taxonomies more prevalent
-In therapy we call taxonomies “working on categories”
previous knowledge is so important to vocabulary acquisition, why?
- children trying to learn the word “aquatic”
- needs to relate this to her previous experience with aquariums, oceans, etc.
the ability to define words…
- is highly correlated with involvement in an academic culture
- is taught at school
- is related to metalinguistic skills
What is slow map?
-children add features beyond the functional and physical aspects of something
EX: @ 5 years:
they think of a dog as a furry animal that barks
@ 12 yrs old :
they think of a dog as a furry animal that barks and is a mammal that has descended from wolves and is carnivorous
What did Laura Justice ,ASHA school conference, say about the TIER WORDS?
Tier 1 words: very common usually learned without direct teaching (car, book)
Tier 2 words: high frequency vocabulary for mature lang users (lang of books)
Tier 3 words: high specialized (ex: peninsula)
What did Justice say about Tier 2 words?
-we need to teach tier 2 words.
-because they go across the curriculum
EX: function, constitute, correlate
What is figurative language?
- words used in an imaginative sense, rather than a literal one, to create an imaginative or emotional expression
- connote higher order language skills
What is a metaphor?
-implies an analogous relationship EX: love is like a rose. love is a rose. He's a bull in a china shop She's a kid in a candy store
What is a simile?
-directly state an analogous relationship
EX: Your lips are LIKE pedals-bicycle pedals.
Your teeth are LIKE stars-they come out at night.
She’s AS light AS a feather.
What are proverbs?
-short, popular saying that embody a generally accepted truth, useful thought, or advice
EX:the early bird gets the worm.
Why are proverbs hard for children?
- because they take things very seriously.
- hard until the age of 8.
Pragmatic Development
A. Conversational skills
- Theory of mind increases ( social perspective taking)
- child learns to respond to questions and requests in the classroom
Children must learn the I-R-E format. What is it?
teacher Initates
child Responds
teacher then Evaluates child’s response
As they mature, children become better at?
- indirect requests
- introducing a topic into conversation, sustaining it through several turns, and closing or switching the topic
- repairing conversational breakdowns through providing more background context and defining terms.
ASHA School Conference: Pamela Wiley
What did she say about children in middle school?
- children look for peer support
- increase social pressure
- child more independent , less reliant on family
- struggle with social expectations
- increases on superficial qualities
- social hierarchies
B. Narrative skills
what are they?
- narrative reflect the storytellers experience
- being a good story teller enhances children self image and group identification within their families and communities
What are the 4 type of narratives?
- Stories: known patterns- main character, must overcome a challenge
- Recount: adult request a child to tell about past experiences
- Eventcast: explanation of some current or anticipated event
- Account: highly individualized spontaneous narratives where child shares their experiences
Rosslyn Delmonico says?
- small talk is important as a bonding ritual
- we need to help students with this, especially if they have ASD
- start with eye contact, then smile, next is greeting
- can throw a ball for turn taking
What are Rosslyn Delmonico ways to gracefully change the subject?
- “by the way…”
- “that makes me think of…”
- “this is off topic but…”
- “this is kind of random, but you just made me think of…”
Children need to develop story grammar…
usually there is a setting + episode structure
What are the components of a story grammar?
- Setting; introduce characters etc.**
There once was a girl who lived in New Hampshire - Initiating event (action, seeking something)
and she wanted to become famous. - Internal response (character’s reactions, thoughts, intentions, motivations)
She thought it would make her happy. - Internal plan (strategies for attaining goals)**
So she and her family moved to Hollywood - Attempt (Character’s action to attain goal)
where she took acting lessons and found an agent. - Direct consequence (success or failure)
She found out that there were about 200 girls auditioning for every role she tried out for - Reaction (character’s emotional response, though, or actions to the outcome or preceding chain of events)
The girl missed all her friends back in New Hampshire, and she wasn’t getting any roles. So she and her family moved back home.
language differences
What is codeswitching?
-is a normal behavior that demonstrates the continuing separation of two languages
EX: “me gusta manejar. ill take the car!”
what is recommended for children who speak African American English (AAE)?
- Be proficiently, bidialectal using AAE with friend and family
- mainstream english to use at school
- children must write and spell in mainstream english in order to be successful
