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Exam 5 Language Development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is information about child language development important?

A

We need to recognize what is typical and what is not typical so we can intervene as early as possible in children’s lives

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2
Q

Over 70% of America’s prisoners

A

Cannot read above a 4th grade level

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3
Q

What is Linguistics?

A
  • Linguistics is the study of language
  • 2 types of linguistics:
    - Sociolinguistics
    - Developmental
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4
Q

What is Sociolinguistics?

A
  • Describes language variations based on social and cultural variables
    Ex: Being really personal in a culture. (The Philippines is a more personal culture and asks personal questions)
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5
Q

What is Developmental Linguistics?

A
  • Describes nature of emerging language in child’s language acquisition
  • Where the kids should be right now with language development
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6
Q

What is communication?

A
  • Exchange of information and ideas, needs, and desires between 2 or more individuals
  • Tool for social action
    • Lets you get stuff done, lets us communicate
  • We are trying to accomplish something
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7
Q

Communicative competence

A

the degree to which the speaker is successful in communicating appropriately and effectively

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8
Q

What are the two parts of communication?

A

Speech and Language

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9
Q

Nonlinguistic cues in communication:

A
  • Gestures
  • Head and body movement
    • look at where the kids communicate
  • Eye contact
  • Facial Expression
  • Body Posture
    • Make sure the kids touch the floor
  • These vary based on culture
    • Home rules and school rules are different
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10
Q

Paralinguistic Cues in Communication:

A
  • Pauses
  • Speed (talking to fast)
  • Intonation (use of pitch)
  • Stress or emphasis
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11
Q

What are Metalinguistic Skills?

A

The ability to talk about language, analyze it, think about it, judge it, and see it as an entity separate from its content or out of context

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12
Q

What is Speech?

A
  • Verbal means of communicating

- Involves precision in planning and executing specific motor sequence

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13
Q

What is language?

A

Language is a system of symbols(words) used to represent concepts formed through exposure and experience

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14
Q

A child need to have:

A
  • Exposure and experience

- you cant develop pictures without experience or ever being to a place

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15
Q

3 Properties of Language:

A
  1. Social Tool
  2. Rule- governed system with underlying rules or patterns that occur repeatedly
  3. It is generative
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16
Q

What is Linguistic competence?

A
  • A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules
  • Cannot be measured directly
  • We can only directly measure linguistic performance
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17
Q

What is linguistic performance?

A
  • Linguistic knowledge in actual usage

- What we observe

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18
Q

Language is generative:

A
  • Using a finite set of rules and words

- Speakers can generate an infinite number of sequences

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19
Q

What are the language components?

A

Morphology, Semantics, Phonology, Syntax, Pragmatics

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20
Q

What is Phonology?

A

-Aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables
-We have the IPA
-English orthography is problematic:
Ex:Bough, thought, rough, though, through

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21
Q

What is Morphology?

A
  • Concerned with the internal organization of words
  • Words consist of morphemes
  • Free and Bound Morphemes
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22
Q

What is a free morpheme?

A

Free morphemes are independent and can stand alone

23
Q

What is a bound morpheme?

A

Bound morphemes cannot function independently—must be attached to free morphemes

24
Q

What are Derivational morphemes?

A
  • Include prefixes and suffixes
  • Change whole classes of words
    Ex: Happy (adjective) —> Happily (adverb)
25
Q

What are Inflectional morphemes?

A
  • Are suffixes only
  • Change the state or increase the precision of the free morpheme
  • Things like plural –s, past tense -ed
26
Q

The new Common Core State Standards

A
  • Really emphasize morphological awareness skills

- Kids who have trouble with this have trouble reading

27
Q

What is Syntax?

A
  • Form or structure of a sentence
  • Refers especially to word order
  • Each sentence needs a noun phrase and a verb phrase
28
Q

What is Semantics?

A

Word meaning

- World knowledge and word knowledge

29
Q

What is world knowledge?

A

Person’s autobiographical and experiential understanding and memory of particular events

30
Q

What is word knowledge?

A

Verbal and contains word and symbol definitions

31
Q

What are synonyms?

A

Different words that carry similar meanings
Ex: Scared/afraid
Beautiful/pretty
Hard/difficult

32
Q

In therapy for LI (language impaired) students we:

A
  • Teach synonyms- take a word they know and give them a more sophisticated way to say it.
    Ex: Tired—> Fatigued
33
Q

What are Antonyms?

A
  • opposites

- 2 types: Binary Antonyms and Gradable Antonyms

34
Q

What are Binary Antonyms?

A
  • No middle ground
    Ex: (alive vs. dead)
    • you cant be kind of pregnant
35
Q

What is Gradable Antonyms?

A
  • Represent 2 different points on a continuum
    Ex: (attractive vs. homely)
    • theres a middle between hot and cold.
36
Q

What is Pragmatics?

A
  • Rules govern conversational interactions
  • Social rules of language
  • Social Language
37
Q

What is discourse?

A
  • Set of utterances used to convey a message

- Conversation

38
Q

2 types of speech acts:

A

Indirect and Direct

39
Q

What is Indirect speech act?

A 
-several possible interpretations, politer 
 Ex: "I like people who come to class early"
-Can be taken in different ways
40
Q

What is Direct speech act?

A

-Only has one interpretation

Ex: “Please pass the butter.”

41
Q

What are Important aspects of pragmatics?

A
  • Turntaking
  • Establishing and maintaining a topic
  • Making relevant contributions
  • Repair-correcting conversational errors
42
Q

Cooperation principle-4 aspects:

A
  1. Quantity is important- don’t give too much or too little information
  2. Truthful and based on sufficient evidence
  3. Relevant
  4. Direct- Avoid vagueness
43
Q

What are Dialects?

A
  • variations that characterize the languages of a particular group
  • Each dialect shares a common set of grammatical rules with the standards language
  • Dialects are mutually intelligible
44
Q

Dialect use is influenced by 5 factors:

A
  1. Geography
  2. Socioeconomic
  3. Racial and ethnic differences
  4. Situational variables
    • Registers are situationally- influenced language variations
    • Style shifting
  5. Peer group
45
Q

What is style shifting?

A

Switching back and forth between formal and informal registers

46
Q

The most common American English dialects:

A
  • Standard American English (textbooks, TV)
  • 10 regional dialects (e.g., Southern and Appalacian; these are not on test 1)
  • African American English
  • Asian English
  • Latino English
47
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Specific sounds

48
Q

Suprasegmental Devices

A

They can change the form and meaning of a sentence by acting across elements, or segments of a sentence

49
Q

Deficit Approach

A

Each dialect has a different relative status

50
Q

Sociolinguistic Approach

A

Views each dialect as an equally valid rule system

51
Q

What are registers?

A

Situationally influenced language

52
Q

What is a vernacular?

A

Causual, informal, or intimate register

53
Q

What is code switching?

A

From one language to another

Exam 5 Language Development (5 decks)

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