Chapter 10 Flashcards
Snuffing
The ingestion of snuff either by inhalation or absorption through tissue in the nose
Snuff
A quantity of finely shredded or powdered tobacco
Cigars
Tightly rolled quantities of dried tobacco leaves
Cigarettes
Rolls of shredded tobacco wrapped in paper
Side stream smoke
Tobacco smoke that in inhaled by nonsmokers from the burning cigarettes of nearby smokers
Mainstream smoke
The smoke inhaled directly from cigarettes or other tobacco products
Particulate phase
Those components of smoke that consists of particles
Tar
A sticky material found in the particulate had of tobacco smoke and other pollutants
Gaseous phase
The portion of tobacco smoke that consists of gases
Carbon monoxide
An extremely toxic gas that prevents blood cells from carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
Cilia
Small hair cells
Ciliary escalator
The pushing of inhaled foreign particles, which might interfere with breathing, upward from the air passages into the throat, where they can be swallowed and excreted through the gastrointestinal tract
Nicotine
The prime psychoactive drug in tobacco products
Titration hypothesis
The idea that smokers will adjust their smoking of cigarettes in such a way as to maintain a steady input of nicotine in the body
Coronary heart diseases
Disease that damages the heart as a result of a restriction of blood flow through coronary arteries
Arteriosclerosis
A disease in which blood flow is restricted because the walls of the arteries harden and lose their elasticity
Atherosclerosis
A disease in which blood flow is restricted because of the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries
Ischemic stroke
A disease in which there is an interruption of or a reduction in blood flow to the brain, causing paralysis, sensory loss, cognitive defects, or a combination of neuropsychological effects
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A group of diseases characterized by impaired breathing due to an abnormality in the air passages
Chronic bronchitis
A respiratory disease involving inflammation of bronchial tissue following a buildup of excess mucus in the air passages
Emphysema
An enlargement of air sacs in the lungs and abnormalities in the air sac walls, causing great difficulty in breathing
Carcinomas
Cancerous rumors or growths
Leukoplakia
Small white spots inside the mouth and nasal cavity, indication of precancerous tissue
Erythroplakia
Small red spots inside the mouth and nasal cavity, indication of precancerous tissue
Nitrosamines
A group of carcinogenic compounds found in tobacco
What is snuff and the practice of snuffing?
Snuff is finely shredded or powdered tobacco
Sniffing is the ingestion of snuff by inhalation or absorption through tissue in the nose
What was a form of tobacco use that became a health concern?
Chewing-the spitting of tobacco juice contributed to the spread of diseases such as tuberculosis
What are cigarettes and cigars and what were the associated perceptions of these items?
Cigarettes are effeminate
Cigars are masculine
When did the US government first assert the tobacco smoking was linked to serious diseases and how was this done?
- Surgeons general report
What were some of the eventual restrictions placed on tobacco?
Banning of television advertising
Warning labels
Warning labels on print advertisements and billboards
What was the problem with using low tar and nicotine cigarettes versus regular cigarettes?
Smokers took more puffs, inhaled more deeply, and smoked more cigarettes. They canceled out potential benefits
What did the EPA announce in regards to environmental tobacco smoke and what were the result?
It causes lung cancer and many states and cities began mandating smoke free environments
What are the components of tobacco smoke?
Particulate phase
Gaseous phase
What is the effect of carbon monoxide in the body?
It attached to hemoglobin and occupies portions that are normally reserved for the transport of oxygen
How much tar is in a cigarette and what part contains the most?
Varies from 6 mg to 16 mg
The last third contains the most
What is a negative effect of tar on the body?
Prevention of cilia from functioning effectively
How much nicotine is in cigarettes and approximately how much enters the blood stream?
.5-2.0 mg
20% reaches the blood steam
How long is the elimination half life of nicotine?
2-3 hrs
What is the primary effect of nicotine?
Stimulate CNS receptors that are sensitive to nicotine
Nicotine receptors
What is the titration hypothesis?
The idea that smoker will adjust their smoking in such a way as to maintain a steady input of nicotine in their body
What are some of the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal?
Decrease in HR and BP within 6 hours of the last cigarette
Headache
Irritability
Insomnia
Drowsiness
Inability to concentrate within the next 24 hours.
What are some of the diseases associated with tobacco use?
Coronary heart disease Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis COPD Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Lung cancer Bladder cancer Larynx cancer
What are a class of carcinogens found in smokeless tobacco?
Nitrosamines
What does tobacco smoke have a toxic interaction with that is particularly pertinent to women?
Birth control
What are some benefits of quitting smoking?
Decease in chances of a heart attack
Decrease of coughing, sinus congestion, and shortness of breath
Regaining normal functioning of cilla
What are some of the methods available for quitting?
Chantix Nicotine patches Counseling Nicoderm Behaviorally oriented social support groups Smokers anonymous Smoke-stoppers
What professional group was noted as having a particularly high rage of smoking worldwide?
Physicians
