Chapter 10

Question 1

Have you ever noticed yourself working harder or acting differently when someone is watching you?

Answer 1

I. Hawthorn effect

Question 2

coined the term ‘Hawthorne effect’ while evaluating a series of studies at a plant near Chicago, Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works.

Answer 2

Henry A. Landsberger

Question 3

refers to the phenomenon in which individuals modify or improve their behaviour in response to their awareness of being observed.

Answer 3

The Hawthorne Effect

Question 4

is a type of cognitive bias. It is also known as an error in thinking. This error manipulates our judgements and assumptions about why some people behave in certain ways.

Answer 4

Actor-observer bias

Question 5

✔ Attention from observers
✔ Social pressures
✔ Novelty effect
✔ Feedback
✔ Expectations
✔ Temporary Motivation
✔ Social Facilitation
✔ Avoidance of Negative Evaluation

Answer 5

Causes of Hawthorne Effect

Question 6

What drives you to do your best at work? Is it the paycheck, the sense of accomplishment, the relationships you build, or perhaps the opportunity to grow and achieve your potential?

Answer 6

II. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Question 7

He was a social psychologist who was interested in a broad spectrum of human psychological needs rather than on individual psychological problems.

Answer 7

⮚ Abraham Maslow

Question 8

He is best known for his hierarchy-of-needs theory.

Answer 8

⮚ Abraham Maslow

Question 9

The needs in Maslow’s hierarchy include

Answer 9

physiological needs (food and clothing), safety needs (job security), social needs (friendship), self-esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 10

Have you ever wondered why some people are driven by the need for strong relationships, while others focus more on personal growth or simply surviving the day?

Answer 10

III. Alderfer’s ERG Theory

Question 11

⮚ Clayton Paul Alderfer

Answer 11

An American psychologist, speaker, writer, entrepreneur, consultant and scholar. The starting point for the development of this theory is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which he further expanded into the ERG theory based on empirical research (1966-1989).

Question 12

He carried out empirical research into three human needs, namely: Existence Needs, Relatedness Needs and Growth Needs. The ERG theory that Clayton Alderfer had developed was ground-breaking and is still discussed today in many management books.

Answer 12

⮚ Clayton Paul Alderfer

Question 13

Alderfer’s model says that all humans are motivated by these three needs.

Answer 13

1. Existence - most concrete and motivating of Alderfer’s three needs. Existence needs concern our basic material requirements for living. These include what Maslow categorized as physiological needs and safety-related needs.
2. Relatedness - a sense of community and a good relationship with yourself. Relatedness needs have to do with the importance of maintaining interpersonal relationships. These needs are based in social interactions with others and align with Maslow’s levels of love/belonging-related needs and esteem-related needs.
3. Growth - least concrete, but still important, which really relates to self-development, fulfillment and the sense of achieving your potential. Growth needs to describe our intrinsic desire for personal development. These needs align with the other portion of Maslow’s esteem-related needs and self-actualization needs.

Question 14

most concrete and motivating of Alderfer’s three needs. Existence needs concern our basic material requirements for living.

Answer 14

1. Existence -

Question 15

These include what Maslow categorized as physiological needs and safety-related needs.

Answer 15

1. Existence

Question 16

a sense of community and a good relationship with yourself. Relatedness needs have to do with the importance of maintaining interpersonal relationships.

Answer 16

2. Relatedness -

Question 17

These needs are based in social interactions with others and align with Maslow’s levels of love/belonging-related needs and esteem-related needs.

Answer 17

2. Relatedness -

Question 18

least concrete, but still important, which really relates to self-development, fulfillment and the sense of achieving your potential.

Answer 18

3. Growth -

Question 19

needs to describe our intrinsic desire for personal development.

Answer 19

Growth

Question 20

These needs align with the other portion of Maslow’s esteem-related needs and self-actualization needs.

Answer 20

3. Growth -

Question 21

was a clinical psychologist and is one of the major writers in management and motivational theories.

Answer 21

Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000)

Question 22

His approach focuses on content theories and explains specific things that motivate an individual at work. Frederick Herzberg is recognized by his book The Motivation to Work (1959) and by the Two Factor theory.

Answer 22

Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000)

Question 23

outlines that humans are motivated by two things: motivators and hygiene factors.

Answer 23

Herzberg’s two-factor theory

Question 24

These two factors are both critical to motivation:motivators encourage job satisfaction and hygiene factors prevent job dissatisfaction.

Answer 24

a) Hygiene Factors
b) Motivation Factors

Question 25

are those which decrease job dissatisfaction. Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman used the term hygiene as “medical hygiene…[which] operates to remove health hazards from the environment”

Answer 25

Hygiene factors

Question 26

are necessary to improve job satisfaction.

Answer 26

b) Motivation Factors

Question 27

are intrinsic to the job and lead to job satisfaction because they satisfy the needs for growth and self-actualization

Answer 27

motivation factors

Question 28

are expected, so they won’t increase motivation when they are in place, but they will cause dissatisfaction when they are missing

Answer 28

Extrinsic motivators (e.g., salary, benefits)

Question 29

on the other hand, can be a source of additional motivation when they are available.

Answer 29

Intrinsic motivators (e.g., challenging work, growth potential),