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Biology Honors > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Triplet Code?

A

DNA strand goes through TRANSCRIPTION, to create mRNA. The mRNA goes through translation to create proteins.

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2
Q

What are read in order to identify which amino acids should be picked up?

A

Codon

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3
Q

Where is the DNA located in the cell?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Proteins are made inside what?

A

Ribosomes

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5
Q

Define Ribosomes

A

2 protein units embedded w/ RNA’s (ribosomal RNA) (Single helix that coils up); the site of protein synthesis

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6
Q

Define Transcription

A

the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template

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7
Q

Transcription– Initiation?

A

Binding of RNA Polymerase

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8
Q

Transcription– Elongation?

A

Lengthening of mRNA strand

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9
Q

Transcription– Termination?

A

End of Transcription

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10
Q

Define RNA

A

a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

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11
Q

Define Translation

A

the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains

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12
Q

Define Protein Synthesis

A

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

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13
Q

Define Ribose

A

a five-carbon sugar present in RNA

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14
Q

Define mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein

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15
Q

Define rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A

an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function

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16
Q

Define tRNA (transfer RNA)

A

an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation

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17
Q

Define RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template

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18
Q

Define promoter

A

a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene

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19
Q

Define termination signal

A

a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene

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20
Q

Define Genetic Code

A

the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

21
Q

Define Codon

A

in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal

22
Q

Define Anticodon

A

a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complimentary to the codon of mRNA

23
Q

Define Genome

A

the complete genetic material contained in an individual

24
Q

Define Virulent

A

describes a mircroorganism that causes disease and that is highly infectious; strictly refers only to viruses that reproduce by the lytic cycle

25
Q

Define Transformation

A

the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another

26
Q

Define Bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects bacteria

27
Q

Define Nucleotide

A

in a nucleic-acid chain, a sub-unit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

28
Q

Define Deoxyribose

A

a five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

29
Q

Define Nitrogenous Base

A

an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA

30
Q

Define Purine

A

a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine

31
Q

Define Pyrimidine

A

a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil

32
Q

Define Base Pairing Rules

A

the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA

33
Q

Define Complementary Base Pair

A

the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine

34
Q

Define Base Sequence

A

The order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA

35
Q

Define DNA replication

A

the process of making a copy of DNA

36
Q

Define Helicase

A

an enzyme that separates DNA strands

37
Q

Define Replication Fork

A

a Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated

38
Q

Define DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule

39
Q

Define Semi-conservative replication

A

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

40
Q

Define Mutation

A

a change in the nuclotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule

41
Q

Mutations- Chromosomal level

A

a lot of DNA can be lost (deletion, duplication, inversion, reciprocal translocation)

42
Q

Mutations- Gene level

A

one gene is different

43
Q

Mutations- Single nucleotide change “point mutations”

A

substitution (silent mutation), deletion (frame shift), inversion (frame shift)

44
Q

Define Nonsense mutation

A

causes a gene to read STOP

45
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick?

A

discovered what DNA was, 1950’s won Nobel Peace Prize (helped by Rosalind Franklin)

46
Q

Frederick Griffith?

A

conducted in 1928, one of the first experiments suggesting DNA are capable of transforming genetic information, otherwise known as the “transforming principle,” which was later discovered to be DNA.

47
Q

Organisms and bacteria on DNA

A

All organisms except bacteria have duplicate chromosomes (bacteria has single). Organism- linear DNA. Bacteria- circular, double helix; single

48
Q

Define Conjugation

A

copy of plasmids (get DNA from another bacterium)

49
Q

Hersey-Chase Experiment

A

identified DNA to be the genetic material of phages, and ultimately, of all organisms. Proved nucleic acids (DNA&RNA) to be genetic materials)

Biology Honors (3 decks)

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