Chapter 10

Question 1

What is the Triplet Code?

Answer 1

DNA strand goes through TRANSCRIPTION, to create mRNA. The mRNA goes through translation to create proteins.

Question 2

What are read in order to identify which amino acids should be picked up?

Answer 2

Codon

Question 3

Where is the DNA located in the cell?

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

Proteins are made inside what?

Answer 4

Ribosomes

Question 5

Define Ribosomes

Answer 5

2 protein units embedded w/ RNA’s (ribosomal RNA) (Single helix that coils up); the site of protein synthesis

Question 6

Define Transcription

Answer 6

the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template

Question 7

Transcription– Initiation?

Answer 7

Binding of RNA Polymerase

Question 8

Transcription– Elongation?

Answer 8

Lengthening of mRNA strand

Question 9

Transcription– Termination?

Answer 9

End of Transcription

Question 10

Define RNA

Answer 10

a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

Question 11

Define Translation

Answer 11

the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains

Question 12

Define Protein Synthesis

Answer 12

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

Question 13

Define Ribose

Answer 13

a five-carbon sugar present in RNA

Question 14

Define mRNA (messenger RNA)

Answer 14

a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein

Question 15

Define rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Answer 15

an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function

Question 16

Define tRNA (transfer RNA)

Answer 16

an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation

Question 17

Define RNA polymerase

Answer 17

an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template

Question 18

Define promoter

Answer 18

a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene

Question 19

Define termination signal

Answer 19

a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene

Question 20

Define Genetic Code

Answer 20

the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 21

Define Codon

Answer 21

in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal

Question 22

Define Anticodon

Answer 22

a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complimentary to the codon of mRNA

Question 23

Define Genome

Answer 23

the complete genetic material contained in an individual

Question 24

Define Virulent

Answer 24

describes a mircroorganism that causes disease and that is highly infectious; strictly refers only to viruses that reproduce by the lytic cycle

Question 25

Define Transformation

Answer 25

the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another

Question 26

Define Bacteriophage

Answer 26

a virus that infects bacteria

Question 27

Define Nucleotide

Answer 27

in a nucleic-acid chain, a sub-unit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Question 28

Define Deoxyribose

Answer 28

a five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

Question 29

Define Nitrogenous Base

Answer 29

an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA

Question 30

Define Purine

Answer 30

a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine

Question 31

Define Pyrimidine

Answer 31

a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil

Question 32

Define Base Pairing Rules

Answer 32

the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA

Question 33

Define Complementary Base Pair

Answer 33

the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine

Question 34

Define Base Sequence

Answer 34

The order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA

Question 35

Define DNA replication

Answer 35

the process of making a copy of DNA

Question 36

Define Helicase

Answer 36

an enzyme that separates DNA strands

Question 37

Define Replication Fork

Answer 37

a Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated

Question 38

Define DNA polymerase

Answer 38

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule

Question 39

Define Semi-conservative replication

Answer 39

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

Question 40

Define Mutation

Answer 40

a change in the nuclotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule

Question 41

Mutations- Chromosomal level

Answer 41

a lot of DNA can be lost (deletion, duplication, inversion, reciprocal translocation)

Question 42

Mutations- Gene level

Answer 42

one gene is different

Question 43

Mutations- Single nucleotide change "point mutations"

Answer 43

substitution (silent mutation), deletion (frame shift), inversion (frame shift)

Question 44

Define Nonsense mutation

Answer 44

causes a gene to read STOP

Question 45

James Watson and Francis Crick?

Answer 45

discovered what DNA was, 1950's won Nobel Peace Prize (helped by Rosalind Franklin)

Question 46

Frederick Griffith?

Answer 46

conducted in 1928, one of the first experiments suggesting DNA are capable of transforming genetic information, otherwise known as the "transforming principle," which was later discovered to be DNA.

Question 47

Organisms and bacteria on DNA

Answer 47

All organisms except bacteria have duplicate chromosomes (bacteria has single). Organism- linear DNA. Bacteria- circular, double helix; single

Question 48

Define Conjugation

Answer 48

copy of plasmids (get DNA from another bacterium)

Question 49

Hersey-Chase Experiment

Answer 49

identified DNA to be the genetic material of phages, and ultimately, of all organisms. Proved nucleic acids (DNA&RNA) to be genetic materials)