Chapter 10 Flashcards
Cardiac muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue
Autorhythmicity
Built-in rhythm of the heart; the heart beats because it has a natural pacemaker that initiates each contraction.
Smooth muscle tissue
What are the four key functions of muscular tissue?
- Producing body movement.
- Stabilizing body positions.
- Storing and moving substances within the body.
- Generating heat.
Thermogenesis
When muscular tissue contracts, it produces heat.
What is shivering and what is the purpose of it?
Involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle; increases the rate of heat production.
What are the four special properties of muscular tissue?
- Electrical excitability.
- Contractility.
- Extensibility.
- Elasticity.
Electrical excitability
The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentials (impulses). Action potentials in muscles are referred to as muscle action potentials.
For muscle cells, two main types of stimuli trigger action potentials. One is autorhythmic ______ arising in the muscular tissue itself, as in the heart’s pacemaker. The other is ______, such as neurotransmitters released by neurons, hormones distributed by the blood, or even local changes in pH.
Electrical signals; chemical stimuli.
Contractility
Is the ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential.
Extensibility
Is the ability of muscular tissue to stretch, within limits, without being damaged.
Elasticity
Is the ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension.
Muscle fibers (myocytes)
Long cylindrical cell covered by endomysium and sarcolemma; contains sarcoplasm, myofibrils, many peripherally located nuclei, mitochondria, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and terminal cisterns. The fiber has a striated appearance.
Subcutaneous layer
AKA hypodermis; separates muscle from skin; is composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue. It provides a pathway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels to enter and exit muscles. The adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer stores most of the body’s triglycerides, serves as an insulating layer that reduces heat loss, and protects muscles from physical trauma.
Fascia
Is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body.
Fascicle
Bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium.
What are the three layers of connective tissue?
- Epimysium
- Perimysium
- Endomysium
Epimysium
Is the outer layer, encircling the entire muscle. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue.
Perimysium
Is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue, but it surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles.
Endomysium
Penetrates the interior of each fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another. The endomysium is mostly reticular fibers.
Tendon
Attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone; formed by all three connective tissue layers extending beyond the muscle fibers.
Aponeurosis
Sheetlike connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Sarcolemma
The plasma membrane of a muscle cell.
Explain the importance of nerves and blood vessels in skeletal muscles?
Skeletal muscles are well supplied with nerves and blood vessels. Microscopic blood vessels called capillaries are plentiful in muscular tissue; each muscle fiber is in close contact with one or more capillaries. The blood capillaries bring in oxygen and nutrients and remove heat and the waste products of muscle metabolism.
Transverse (T) tubules
Tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma; tunnel in from the surface towards the center of each muscle fiber; muscle action potentials travel along the sarcolemma and through the T tubules in order to quickly spreading throughout the muscle fiber.
Myofibrils
Threadlike contractile elements within sarcoplasm of muscle fiber that extend entire length of fiber; composed of filaments.
Sarcoplasm
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber; inside the sarcolemma; contains myoglobin (a red-colored protein found only in muscles; binds to oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscles fibers from interstitial fluid, and releases oxygen when it is needed by the mitochondria for ATP production).
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
A fluid-filled system of membranous sacs that encircle myofibril.
Terminal cisterns
Dilated ends sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that butt against the T tubule from both sides; release calcium ions to trigger muscle contraction.
Triad
Formed by a T tubule and two terminal cisterns on either side of it.
Filaments (myofilaments)
Contractile proteins within myofibrils that are two types: thick filaments composed of myosin and thin filaments composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin; sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments produces muscle shortening.
Thin filament
Are 8 nm in diameter and 1-2 um long and are composed of the protein actin.
Thick filament
Are 16 nm in diameter and 1-2 um long and are composed of the protein myosin.
Sarcomeres
Compartments of filaments inside a myofibril; are the basic functional units of a myofibril.
Z discs
Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next.
A band
Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments called the zone of overlap.
I band
Lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick filaments. A Z disc passes through center of each I band A mnemonic that will help you to remember the composition of the I and H bands is as follows: the letter I is thin (contains thin filaments), while the letter H is thick (contains thick filaments).
H zone
Narrow region in center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments A mnemonic that will help you to remember the composition of the I and H bands is as follows: the letter I is thin (contains thin filaments), while the letter H is thick (contains thick filaments).
M line
Region in center of H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of sarcomere.
Contractile proteins
Myosin and actin; proteins that generate force during muscle contractions.
Myosin
Contractile protein that makes up thick filament; molecule consists of a myosin tail and two myosin heads, which bind to myosin binding sites on actin molecules of thin filament during muscle contraction.
What two binding sites does each myosin head have?
- An actin-binding site.
- An ATP-binding site.
Motor proteins
Pull various cellular structures to achieve movement by converting the chemical energy ATP to the mechanical energy of motion, that is, the production of force.
Actin
Contractile protein that is the main component of thin filament; each actin molecule has a myosin-binding site where myosin head of thick filament binds during muscle contraction.
Regulatory proteins
Tropomyosin and troponin; proteins that help switch muscle contraction process on and off.
Tropomyosin
Regulatory protein that is a component of thin filament; when skeletal muscle fiber is relaxed, tropomyosin covers myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, thereby preventing myosin from binding to actin.
Troponin
Regulatory protein that is a component of thin filament; when calcium ions bind to troponin, it changes shape; this conformational change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, and muscle contraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin.
Structural proteins
Titin, α-Actinin, myomesin, nebulin, and dystrophin; proteins that keep thick and thin filaments of myofibrils in proper alignment, give myofibrils elasticity and extensibility, and link myofibrils to sarcolemma and extracellular matrix.
Titin
Structural protein that connects Z disc to M line of sarcomere, thereby helping to stabilize thick filament position; can stretch and then spring back unharmed, and thus accounts for much of the elasticity and extensibility of myofibrils.