Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The science of body structures and the relationships among them.
What was anatomy first studied by?
Dissection
Physiology
The science of body functions; how the body parts work.
The structures of a part of the body often reflect its ______.
Functions
What are the 6 levels of structural organization?
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- System level
- Organismal level
Chemical level
One of the levels of structural organization; this very basic level includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
Cellular level
One of the levels of structural organization; molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals. Cells are the smallest living units in the human body.
Tissue level
One of the levels of structural organization; tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. There are just 4 basic types of tissues in your body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
Organ level
One of the levels of structural organization; at the organ level, different types of tissues are joined together. Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
System level
One of the levels of structural organization; a system consists of related organs with a common function.
Organismal level
One of the levels of structural organization; all the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism.
What are the 6 important life processes of the human body?
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
Metabolism
One of the important life processes of the human body; is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. One phase of metabolism is catabolism, the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. The other phase of metabolism is anabolism, the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
Responsiveness
One of the important life processes of the human body; is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
Movement
One of the important life processes of the human body; includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
Growth
One of the important life processes of the human body; is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.
Differentiation
One of the important life processes of the human body; is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. Such precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are known as stem cells.
Reproduction
One of the important life processes of the human body; refers to either 1.) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or 2.) the production of a new individual. The formation of new cells occur through cell division. The production of a new individual occurs through the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm cell to form a zygote, followed by repeated cell divisions and the differentiation of these cells.
Body fluids
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them.
Intracellular fluid
The fluid within the cell.
Extracellular fluid
The fluid outside body cells.
Interstitial fluid
The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.
Blood plasma
ECF within blood vessels.
Lymph
ECF within lymphatic vessels.
Cerebrospinal fluid
ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord.
Synovial fluid
ECF in the joints.
Aqueous humor/vitreous body
ECF of the eyes.
Which 2 regulating systems are responsible for bringing the internal environment into balance?
The nervous system and the endocrine system
Homeostasis
Is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment. It occurs because of the ceaseless interplay of the body’s many regulatory systems. Homeostasis is a dynamic condition.
Homeostasis in the human body is continually being ______.
Disturbed
Feedback system
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed a ______. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a ______.
controlled condition (controlled variable); stimulus
What are the components of a feedback system?
Receptor, control centre, and effector
Receptor
A component of a feedback system; a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center. Typically, the input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals (Eg. Certain never endings in the skin sense temperature and can detect changes, such as a dramatic drop in temperature).
The receptor in a feedback system is also known as the ______ pathway.
Afferent - because the information flows toward the control center.