chapter 10 Flashcards
monosaccharides are….
aldehydes or ketones that contain two or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups
the smallest monosaccharides are composed of
3 carbons (triose)
constitutional isomer
specific types of isomers that share the same molecular formula but have different bonding atomic organization and bonding patterns
stereoisomer
isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms, rather than order of atomic connectivity
list the 6 common monosaccharides
D-ribose, D-Deoxyribose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-fructose
aldehyde + alcohol =
hemiacetal
ketone + alcohol =
hemiketal
glucose + alcohol =
6 carbon ring pyranose
fructose + alcohol =
five carbon ring furanose
formation of cyclic hemiacetal creates
anomer
a form means
hydroxyl at C-1 is on the opposite side as C-6
b form means
hydroxyl at C-1 is on the same side as C-6
sugars that react with oxidizing agents are called
reducing sugars
fehling’s solution
deep blue alkaline solution which is used to identify the presence of aldehydes or groups that contain any aldehyde functional group -CHO
glycoside
product of the bond formed between the anomeric carbon atom and an oxygen atom of an alcohol (called an O-glycosidic bond)
N-glycosidic bond
bond formed between the anomeric carbon and an amine
oligosaccharides
contain two or more monosaccharides linked by O-glycosidic bond
sucrose
a glucose linked to b fructose
non-reducing sugar
lactose
galactose linked to fructose by B-1-4 linkage
maltose
two glucose molecules linked by a-1-4 linkage
reducing sugar
polysaccharides
glycogen - storage form of glucose in animal cells
glucose in plants
stored as starch - two forms:
-amylose + amylopectin
cellulose
homopolymer of glucose
B - straight chain
a - hollow cylinders for storage
glycoprotein
carbohydrate linked to protein
3 main classes of glycoproteins
glycoproteins, proteoglycans, mucins or mucoproteins
glycoproteins
protein is largest component
membrane proteins - main function
proteoglycans
carbohydrate (sugar) is the main component
structural role/lubricant - main function
mucins/mucoproteins
carbohydrate (sugar) is main component
lubricant - main function
in all classes of glycoproteins, how are carbohydrates attached to proteins
carbohydrates attached to nitrogen atom in side chain of asparagine (asn) or oxygen atom in side chain of threonine (thr) or serine (ser)
three amino acids of protein that carbohydrates attach to in glycoprotein
asparagine (asn), serine (ser), threonine (thr)
what is cartilage made of
proteoglycan aggrecan and collagen
