Chapter 10

Question 1

Epilepsy

Answer 1

Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.

Question 2

Huntington’s disease

Answer 2

Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration.

Question 3

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Answer 3

Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.

Question 4

Palsy

Answer 4

Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function). Cerebral palsy is partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period.

Question 5

Bell palsy

Answer 5

paralysis on one side of the face. The likely cause is a viral infection

Question 6

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 6

Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.

Question 7

Tourette’s

Answer 7

Involuntary spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.

Question 8

herpes zoster (shingles)

Answer 8

Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.

Question 9

Meningitis

Answer 9

Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis. This condition can be caused by bacteria (pyogenic meningitis) or viruses

Question 10

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 10

Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.

Question 11

cerebral contusion

Answer 11

Bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head.

Question 12

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Answer 12

Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.

Question 13

Thrombotic stroke

Answer 13

blood clot (thrombus) in the arteries leading to the brain, resulting in occlusion

Question 14

Embolic stroke

Answer 14

an embolus (a dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries and occludes a vessel. This type of stroke occurs very suddenly.

Question 15

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 15

a cerebral artery breaks and bleeding occurs. This type of stroke can be fatal and results from advancing age, atherosclerosis, or high blood pressure

Question 16

Major risk factors for strokes

Answer 16

The major risk factors for stroke are hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and heart disease.

Question 17

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Answer 17

Surgical intervention with carotid endarterectomy (removal of the atherosclerotic plaque along with the inner lining of the affected carotid artery) also is possible.

Question 18

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Answer 18

Samples of CSF are examined. CSF analysis measures protein, glucose, and red (RBC) and white (WBC) blood cells as well as other chemical contents of the CSF.

Question 19

cerebral angiography

Answer 19

X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material.

Question 20

computed tomography (CT) of the brain

Answer 20

Computerized x-ray technique that generates multiple images of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 21

electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 21

Recording of the electrical activity of the brain.

Question 22

lumbar puncture (LP)

Answer 22

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

Question 23

LOC

Answer 23

Level of consciousness

Question 24

ICP

Answer 24

Intracranial Pressure

Question 25

DTR

Answer 25

Deep tendon Reflex

Question 26

Rombergs test

Answer 26

Tests for cerebellar function (balance)

Question 27

Babinski test

Answer 27

Test on the sole of the foot where it stimulates an inflection of the toes is observed

Question 28

Burr holes

Answer 28

Small holes that relieve pressure on the brain

Question 29

Cerebellar

Answer 29

Coordination of voluntary movements and balance

Question 30

Cerebral

Answer 30

Thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory

Question 31

Subdural Hematoma

Answer 31

A pool of blood between the brain and its outermost covering

Question 32

Epidural Hematoma

Answer 32

Occurs when blood accumulates between the skull and Dura Mater

Question 33

Encephalitis

Answer 33

Inflammation of the brain

Question 34

Encephalopathy

Answer 34

Damage or disease that affects the brain

Question 35

Anencephaly

Answer 35

a serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull.

Question 36

Glioblastoma

Answer 36

Malignant tumor affecting the brain or spine

Question 37

Meningeal

Answer 37

Pertaining to the meninges

Question 38

Myelomeningocele

Answer 38

A birth defect in which the child’s backbone and spinal cord don’t close before birth

Question 39

Myoneural

Answer 39

Pertaining to both muscle and nerve

Question 40

Myelopathy

Answer 40

Disease of the spinal cord

Question 41

Neuropathy

Answer 41

Disease of the nerves

Question 42

Polyneuritis

Answer 42

Inflammation of many peripheral nerves at the same time

Question 43

Radiculopathy

Answer 43

injury or damage to nerve roots in the area where they leave the spine

Question 44

Radiculitis

Answer 44

Inflammation of nerve roots

Question 45

Vagal

Answer 45

Pertaining to the vagus nerve

Question 46

Analgesia

Answer 46

Absence of pain

Question 47

Hypalgesia

Answer 47

Decreased sensitivity to pain

Question 48

Neuralgia

Answer 48

a sharp, shocking pain that follows the path of a nerve and is due to irritation or damage to the nerve

Question 49

Cephalgia

Answer 49

pain affecting the head, face, or neck

Question 50

Causalgia

Answer 50

a constant, usually burning pain that results from injury to a peripheral nerve

Question 51

Comatose

Answer 51

in a state of deep and usually prolonged unconsciousness

Question 52

Anesthesia

Answer 52

the use of medicines to prevent pain during surgery and other procedures

Question 53

Hyperesthesia

Answer 53

a neurological condition that causes a person extreme sensitivity to touch, pain, pressure, and thermal sensations

Question 54

Paresthesia

Answer 54

the sensation of tingling, burning, pricking or prickling (pins and needles)

Question 55

Bradykinesia

Answer 55

slowness of movement and speed

Question 56

Hyperkinesis

Answer 56

abnormally increased and sometimes uncontrollable activity or muscular movements

Question 57

Dyskinesia

Answer 57

Uncontrolled, involuntary muscle movement.

Question 58

Narcolepsy

Answer 58

A chronic sleep disorder that causes overwhelming daytime drowsiness

Question 59

Hemiparesis

Answer 59

Muscle weakness or partial paralysis on one side of the body that can affect the arms, legs, and facial muscles

Question 60

Aphasia

Answer 60

A language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate.

Question 61

Hemiplegia

Answer 61

paralysis of one side of the body

Question 62

Paraplegia

Answer 62

Paralysis that affects all or part of the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs.

Question 63

Quadriplegia

Answer 63

a symptom of paralysis that affects all a person's limbs and body from the neck down.

Question 64

Apraxia

Answer 64

Difficulty with skilled movements even when a person has the ability and desire to do them

Question 65

Syncope

Answer 65

Loss of consciousness

Question 66

Ataxia

Answer 66

Impaired balance or coordination