Chapter 10. Flashcards
Emotional development
Improved motional development is:
- Increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
- Increased tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions.
- Increased capacity for genuine empathy.
- Ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.
- Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.
Understanding others & Perspective taking
Assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
Children become skeptical of others’ claims.
Without good perspective taking skills, they are more likely to be oppositional and have difficulty with relationships.
Self-perceived competence
Main theme of social and personality development in middle childhood.
Psychoanalytic Perspectives - Emotionalbond with peers
Freud believed the challenge of the middle childhood years was to form emotional bonds with peers and to move beyond those that were developed with parents in earlier year.
Industry vs. Inferiority - Industry versus inferiority stage (middle childhood)
Industry versus inferiority stage 6-12:
The fourth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages.
Children develop a sense of their own competence through mastery of culturally defined learning tasks
EX: reading and writing.
Industry - Erikson stage 4
Children become interested in how things are made and how they work.
- When they are encouraged, their sense of industry increases.
- Parents who see children’s efforts as mischief or making a mess can instead cause a sense of inferiority.
Reciprocal determinism
(Bandura)
A process of human development based on the interaction of:
- Personal factors
- what is their personality?
- Behavioural factors
- how do they respond?
- Environmental factors
- what environmental factors may influence this dynamic, for instance, is the environment supportive?
2 main features of Bandura’s theory
(Middle and late childhood)
Depend less on external rewards:
During middle childhood children start to depend less on external rewards and punishments; they increasingly regulate their own behavior.
Models:
Children continue to be exposed to a wide variety of models, including their parents, teachers, peers, symbolic models, and others
Self-efficacy
The child’s perceived competence.
The belief in one’s own capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task (Bandura thinks self-efficacy is a crucial factor in personality)
- high self-efficacy: confidence in one’s ability to execute responses necessary to earn reinforcers.
- low self-efficacy: worry that the necessary responses are beyond abilities.
Bandura’s social-cognitive approach provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that drive the development of self- efficacy.
How self-efficacy develops
Peer models play a primary role in the development of self-efficacy beliefs.
Encouragement from knowledgeable people that children value and respect also contributes to self- efficacy.
Nothing is a greater influence on self-efficacy than an individual’s real life experiences.
The Nature of Self-Esteem
The global (overall) evaluation of one’s own self worth.
Self-esteem in middle childhood and adolescence is quite stable in the short term, but somewhat less so over periods of several years.
Compared to the preschool years, the mid-late childhood years may result in a drop in self-esteem - likely due to increased comparisons with peers.
* involves more domains
* Academic self-esteem becomes well-defined.
Self-Perception Profile for Children (S P P C)
Measures overall self-esteem in areas of:
–scholastic competence
–athletic competence
–social acceptance
–behavioural conduct
–physical appearance
What is self-concept?
Self-concept is a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour.
It is your mental picture of yourself.
(EX: I’m hardworking, I’m shy, I’m friendly)
Age 8-11:
* Recognize social characteristics of the self.
* Self-descriptions increasingly involve social comparison.
How does stress impact child development?
Outcomes for children who experience disasters include:
* Acute stress reactions
* Depression
* Panic disorder, and
* Post-traumatic stress disorder.
By around 10 years of age children are able to generate more coping alternatives for stressful situations.
But in catastrophes etc. Children sometimes are overwhelmed and can’t cope.
How does social stressors impact child development, and the sense of self?
Ex : The doll expiriment.
Color in a racist society was a very disturbing and traumatic component of an individual’s sense of his own self-esteem and worth.
How does self-concept change from mid-late childhood and into adolescence?
The development of self understanding:
Children 8 -1 years describe themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits.
- Recognize social characteristics of the self.
- Self-descriptions increasingly involve social comparison.
During middle childhood, the psychological self becomes increasingly complex and abstract.
Psychological self
An understanding of one’s stable, internal traits (popular, nice, smart, mean).
Concrete operational period: the
psychological self becomes more complex, more comparative, less tied to external features, and more centered on feelings and ideas.
During middle childhood, the psychological self becomes increasingly complex and abstract.
Spiritual self
part of self concept
Dose-response effect
The more severe the disaster/trauma (dose), the worse the adaptation and adjustment (response).
How does moral reasoning develop during childhood and into adolescence?
Throughout middle childhood - Moral judgment becomes more comprehensive, taking into account psychological as well as physical harm, intentions as well as consequences.
Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?
Influental theorist when it comes to development of moral reasoning.
Kohlberg pioneered the practice of assessing moral reasoning by presenting a subject with a series of dilemmas in story form, each highlighting a specific moral issue, such as the value of human life.
( Heinz Dilemma…. Buying/Stealing medicine)
What is the Heinz dilemma?
Heinz, is it okey to steal a drug or not.
After reading the story, the person is asked a series of questions involving his moral judgments:
- Should Heinz steal the drug? Why or why not?
- If Heinz doesn’t love his wife, should he steal the drug for her? Why or why not?
- Suppose the person dying is not his wife but a stranger. Should Heinz steal the drug for the stranger? Why or why not?
- Suppose it’s a pet animal he loves. Should Heinz steal to save the pet animal? Why or why not?
It’s the reasoning of why/why not thats important not the answer yes or no.
