Chapter 10 Flashcards
Why are causal claims special?
Lead to advice, treatments, and interventions
How to support causal claim?
Experimental study
Why do experiments support causal claims
Potentially allow researchers to establish covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity
Threats to internal validity of experiments
design confounds
selection effects
order effects
how can selection effects be improved?
random assignment or matched groups
how can order effects be improved?
counterbalancing (show levels of IV in diff sequence)
independent groups designs
diff participants exposed to each lvl of IV
Posttest only design
ppl randomly assigned to one of at least 2 levels of IV and then measured once on the DV
Pretest / posttest design
ppl randomly assigned to one of at least 2 levels of IV and then measured on DV twice, once before and once after they experience the IV (this is like the social anxiety study I did)
ignore lol
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what can help with internal validity in independent group designs? how?
random assignment or matched groups because it minimizes selection effects
Within groups designs
Same ppl exposed to all levels of the IV
Repeated measures design
ppl tested on DV after each exposure to an IV condition
Concurrent measures design
ppl exposed to at least 2 levels of an IV at same time and then indicate a preference for one level (the DV)
Within groups designs allow us to …
treat participants as their own control
Use less participants than independent group designs
