CHAPTER 10

Question 1

Cognitive constructivism

Answer 1

Piaget
human beings must build their own knowledge and meaning through experiences.

Question 2

Social constructivism

Answer 2

Vygotsky
emphasizes the social contexts of learning, and the idea that knowledge is collaboratively constructed.

Question 3

Situated cognition

Answer 3

refers to the idea that thinking is “situated” in social and physical contexts, not within an individual’s mind. Knowledge is embedded in and connected to the context in which learning develops.

Question 4

Cognitive apprenticeship

Answer 4

An expert stretches and supports the novice’s understanding and use of cultural skills.

Question 5

scaffolding

Answer 5

Changing the level of support over the course of a teaching
session.

Question 6

Cooperative learning

Answer 6

Occurs when students work in small groups to help each other.

Question 7

Tutoring

Answer 7

Includes peers, classroom aides, volunteers, and mentors

Question 8

Cooperative learning 2

Answer 8

Research has found (Slavin, 1995) that cooperative learning can be an effective strategy to improve student achievement when:
*Group rewards are generated
*It is in the students’ best interest to help each other
*Individuals are held accountable with individual contributions considered.

Question 9

Positive aspects of cooperative learning

Answer 9

*Increased interdependence and interactions with other students
*Enhanced motivation to learn
*Improved learning, teaching material to
others

Question 10

Negative aspects of cooperative learning

Answer 10

Some students prefer to work alone
*Low-achieving students may “slow down” high-achieving students
*Some students may do all of the work while others do little (social loafing)

Question 11

Structuring group interaction

Answer 11

Assign students specific roles within group
Give everyone a sense of importance
Heterogeneous groups of 2-6 work

Question 12

Social constructivist programs

Answer 12

Actively involved constructing own knowledge

Question 13

Fostering a community of learning

Answer 13

Focus on literacy development and biology
Program emphasis: uses adults as role models
Teaching children
Online computer consultation

Fosters culture of learning, caring, sharing, and the production of work that is shared

Question 14

Curriculum

Answer 14

In-depth, cross-disciplinary inquiry into real-world problems.

Question 15

Instruction

Answer 15

Collaborative, self-directed, exploratory learning.

Question 16

Community

Answer 16

Learning and problem-solving for the betterment of communities.

Question 17

Technology

Answer 17

Communicating electronically with learners beyond the classroom

Question 18

assessment

Answer 18

Authentic performances, assessment aligned with learning and instruction, self-assessment.