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AP 1 Lecture > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of Muscles

A
  • Skeletal - allows movement
  • Cardiac - contracts heart
  • Smooth - covers organs and passageways
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2
Q

Skeletal muscle functions

A
  • produces movement of skeleton as muscles pull tendons
  • maintains posture
  • support soft tissue
  • maintain body temp
  • guards entrances and exits
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3
Q

Epimysium

A
  • surrounds entire muscle
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4
Q

Perimysium

A
  • surrounds each compartment called fascicle
  • contains bundle of muscle fiber (pepperoni)
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5
Q

Endomysium

A
  • surrounds individual muscle cells and interconnection adjacent muscle fibers
  • between endomysium and muscle fibers
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6
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • stores and transfers calcium ions
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7
Q

tendon

A
  • end of a muscle, collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together to form bundle called a tendon
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8
Q

Each muscle has two attachment sites

A
  • origin- point of attachment to muscle to bone NON- MOVEABLE
  • insertion- point of attachment to muscle to bone MOVEABLE
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9
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A
  • long
  • embryonic stage- myoblasts form together to form single muscle fiber
  • every nuclei in a muscle fiber represents a myoblast
  • myoblast that do not fuse together differentiate into satellite cell
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10
Q

14 test questions

A

Skeletal muscle is surrounded by epimysium, containg muscle fascicles which are surrounded by perimysium that contains muscle fibers, that are surrounded by endomysium with calcium that contains myofibrils and those are surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum consisting of sarcomeres which contain thin and thick filaments

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11
Q

Sarcolemma

A

the cell membrane of the muscle fiber/cell that surrounds the sarcoplasm

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12
Q

Sarcoplasm

A
  • cytoplasm of muscle cell/fibers (unequal charge across membrane)
  • contains large amount of stored glycogen and myoglobin
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13
Q

Tendon

A
  • connect muscle to bone
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14
Q

transverse tubules

A
  • t- tubules
  • passageways that carry electrical impulses from the sarcolemma into cell sarcoplasm
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15
Q

T- tubules surround what?

A
  • myofibrils
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16
Q

Microfibrils

A
  • responsible for skeletal muscle fiber contraction
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17
Q

Thin Filaments

A
  • composed primarily of protein ACTIN
  • composed of G-actin molecules, nebulin, in spiral pattern
  • 3 tinged protein- Troponin holds Tropomyosin that cover Active sites
  • every 7 pattern
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18
Q

Thick Filament

A
  • composed primarily of protein myosin
  • M-line - body of myosin
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19
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A
  • forms network around each myofibril
  • muscles contract when stored calcium is released into cytosol
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20
Q

Sarcomeres

A
  • smallest functional unit of muscle fiber cellular proteins of sarcomeres
  • 
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21
Q

Titan

A
  • proteins that stabilize thick and thin filaments
22
Q

H zone

A
  • contain only thick filaments
23
Q

Zone of overlap

A
  • where thick and thin filaments overlap
24
Q

Calcium

A
  • responsible for every muscle contracting
25
Q

components of sarcomeres

A
  • Z line marks ends of sarcomeres
  • Z line consists protein called actin
  • gives skeletal muscle striated look
26
Q

Big step 1

A
  • generate electricity (send down neuron)
27
Q

Big step 2

A
  • getting electricity to jump neuron to muscle fiber
28
Q

Big step 3

A
  • electricity to travel down muscle fiber (length And depth)
29
Q

Big step 4

A
  • getting muscle to contract
30
Q

when contraction occurs the following happens

A
  • H zones and I bands get smaller
  • zones/areas overlap increases
  • z lines move closer together
  • width of A bands remain consistent
31
Q

Area where necessary and muscles meet

A

neuromuscular junction

32
Q

ACH

A

neurotransmitter

33
Q

fascicle

A
  • largest structural unit
34
Q

Cross bridge

A

myosin grabs the actin when active site is exposed

35
Q

Contraction cycle

A

step 1- expose of active site
step 2- formation of cross bridge
step 3- pivoting
step 4- detachment of across bridge
step 5- reactivation if myosin

36
Q

Relaxed cycle

A
  • ACH is broken down/destroyed by ACHE
  • action potential stops
  • SR reabsorbs the calcium
  • troponin and tropomysion return to normal
  • cross bridge broken
  • contraction ends and muscles relax
37
Q

3 ways muscle go back to original length

A
  • gravity
  • contraction of opposite muscle
  • elastic nature of epimysium, endomysium, and perimysium
38
Q

The amount of tension depends on..?

A
  • frequency of simulation
  • number of muscle fibers stimulated
39
Q

Motor unit

A
  • all the muscle fibers are controlled by single motor neuron
40
Q

Size of motor unit

A
  • how many fibers under control
41
Q

wave simulation

A
  • summation until maximum tension
42
Q

Isotonic

A
  • tension constant, there is movement
43
Q

Isometric

A
  • when muscle length does not change and tension does not exceed the resistance
44
Q

Aerobic

A
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • provides 95% energy
  • requires oxygen
45
Q

Anaerobic

A
  • occurs in cytoplasm
  • does Not need oxygen
  • provides < 5% energy
46
Q

Myoglobin

A

Protein that transports and holds oxygen in muscle

47
Q

Hypertrophy

A

When muscles are used when they become larger

48
Q

Atrophy

A

When muscles are not used they become smaller

49
Q

Four muscle types based on faciles form

A
  • Parallel muscles
  • Convergent muscles
  • Pennate muscles
  • Circular
50
Q

Parallel Muscles

A
  • parallel to long axis of muscle
  • muscle contracts and becomes smaller and thicker

AP 1 Lecture (6 decks)

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