Chapter 10 & 11 Flashcards
What are the 5 steps to use compressed air energy storage.
- Energy is generated in times of low demands which can be stored for future use.
- This is achieved by using an electrical compressor to compress air.
3.This compressed air is transported and stored in large qauntitys in underground caverns - The compressed air can then be used in times of high demands
5.The compressed air is transported from an underground cavern to a gas turbine. Here natural gas is added and the gas expands. It is now used to turn a gas turbine that is connected to a generator to produce electricity.
What are the 4 stages to using pumped hydro
- When electricity is generated at low demand times this electricity is used to power pumps
2.The pumps transfer water from the lower resevoir to the higher resvoir this gives the water more gravitational potential energy
3.When demand increases the water is released allowing the water to travel from the higher resevoir to the lower reservoir.
4.This moving water then turns a turbine that powers a generator
What are the two energy storage techniques
- Pumped hydro
2.Compressed air energy stroage
What are the 5 key requirements for compressed air energy storage location
- The availability of an existing cavern underground as contructing one would be soo expensive the project would be unfeasible
- The proximity of the cavern to a high voltage power transmission network ,as the further away the more it will cost for cables
- Availability of natural gas supply
- The cavern needs to be easily located for construction and maintanence
- There should be no environmental concern as planning permission is needed
What are the 5 key requirements for pumped hydro location
- The availability of lakes and resevoirs as contruction of one is very expensive
- Suitable hieght between the lower and upper resevoir
3.
What are the 9 materials crude oil is needed to make that humans rely on everyday
- petrol - used in petrol engines
- diesel - used to power diesel engines
- solvents - used in cleaning products
4- kerosene - can be used in heating and lighting
5- heating oil - used in houses
6- liquefied petroleum gas - connecting a houses gas supply for cooking
7- lubricants - used to remove frictions from moving parts like in cars
8- Asphalt - used in tarmac roads
9- Plastics - bags, toys, food and drink packaging
What is the main issue with plastics environmentally
In 2015 60% of lastics where still getting discarded and not recycled this causes plastics to end up in oceans and natural environments which leads to them having to be burned in landfill which releases harmful gases
What is the trend of production of plastics each year
The production of plastic keeps increasing every single year
list the 3 main users of crude oil in order
- Transport
- Energy
- Production of plastics
What is the name of the process that turns crude oil into its byproducts
Fractional distillation
Explain the process of fractional distillation
Crude oil enters the tower at the bottom and heat is applied so that all lengths of hydrocarbons are evaporated. This gas then enters the tower, the longer hydrocarbons are condensed near the bottom with the shorter ones condensing when they reach their boiling point.
Identify 2 pollution problems associated with the use of plastics derived from fossil fuels
- They cannot be broken down by microorganisms
- The incineration of plastic produces toxic materials
Name the toxic materials the incineration of plastic produces
1.Carbon monoxide
2. Hydrogen cyanide
3.Hydrochloric acid
State a major issue with plastic disposal
As plastic cannot be broken down by microorganisms they last for a very long time this then creates a large patch of rubbish in places like the ocean.
What are the two methods of degrading plastics
- Biodegrading
- photodegrading
What materials is bioplastics made from and why is this advantageous and what draw back is associated with this.
Bioplastics are made from biomass like corn. This is good as this type of plastic degrades quicker than plastics made from crude oil. A draw back is that these biodegrading plastics have to be stored in specific oxygen levels and temperatures to degrade.
State the definition of biodegradable plastics
Plastics that can be broken down by microorganisms, bacteria or other biological means
What is a biodegradable plastic
A plastic that is made from biomass but has additives in it to speed up the time it takes to decompose
Describe 2 uses of biodegradable plastics
- Food packaging- These are utilized as the are single use products like; carrier bags, food packaging and water bottles
- Plastic films - Biodegrading mulch is used to increase the yield of crop. Uses of this film is to; increase yield of crop, reduce weeds, increase soil temperature to promote growth.
Describe how photodegrading plastics work
Plastics that have additives so that degrading from the uv light of the sun is increased substantially.
Describe 2 uses of photodegrading plastics
- plastic film
- Slow release fertiliser - fertiliser pellets are warapped in this photodegrading plastic to stop water running the fertiliser of the surface.
What additive can cause a plastic bag to be broken down at the end of its life
oxygen
What is the name of the catalyst that speeds up the breaking down of bonds between hydrogen and carbon
d2w
How does oxygen break down the plastics
oxygen bonds with the hydrogen and carbon to make water and carbon dioxide (as oxygen is not present in a hydrocarbon it is necessary for oxygen to be available)
What is the name given for plastics that can be degraded by oxygen
oxo biodegradable
How can thermal and photodegration be enhanced
In the manufacturing of the plastics chemicals are added so the bonds are easier broken down by UV light
How can compostable plastics be used for the better
- They can be used to improve soil decomposition as they will have useful nutrients.
- They can be used as plastic film to improve yield of crops and also maintain higher temperature in winter to help growth
What are compostable plastics
They are plastics made from biomass like corn
What is the process of producing polyethylene called
Polymeristation
describe the process of producing polyethylene
Biomass is fermented and ethanol is produced this ethanol then makes ethylene. The ethylene is then polymerised by addition polymerisation
Two advantages of moving towards the manufacture of biodegradable plastics
- They can be manufactured using renewable material.
- They reduce environmental pollution
Why is it advantageous for biodegrable plastics to be manufactured from renewable materials
Renewable materials are readily replaced making the process more sustainable.
Why is it advantageous for plastics to be biodegradable
Biodegradable plastics break down so there is less of a build up of plastic in the environment. This benefits wildlife and reduces affect on ecosystem.
What is BPE and how is it manufactured
BPE stands for biodevired polyethylene. It is manufactured by fermenting a starchy substance to produce ethanol this ethanol. This ethanol then undergoes dehydration to make ethene this ethen then under goes addition polymerisation to form polyethylene
