Chapter 1 - What is Memory? Flashcards

0
Q

What is the view that all scientific explanations should aim to be based on a lower level of analysis: psychology in terms of physiology, physiology in terms of chemistry and chemistry in terms of physics.

A

Reductionism

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1
Q

What term applies to an approach to memory that relies principally on the learning of lists of words and nonsense syllables?

A

Verbal Learning

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2
Q

What approach to psychology that was strong in Germany in the 1930’s and that attempted to use perceptual principles to understand memory and reasoning?

A

Gestalt psychology

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3
Q

Bartlett proposed what to explain how our knowledge of the world is structured and influences the way in which new information is stored and subsequently recalled?

A

Schema

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4
Q

Which method of expressing a theory more precisely, allowing predictions to be made and tested?

A

Model

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5
Q

What term is applied to the model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)?

A

Modal Model

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6
Q

What term is applied to the brief storage of information within a specific modality?

A

Sensory Memory

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7
Q

What term is applied to the brief storage of visual information?

A

Iconic Memory

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8
Q

What process by which the perception and/or storage of a stimulus is influenced by events occurring immediately before presentation or more commonly after?

A

Masking

Before - Forward Masking
After - Backward Masking

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9
Q

What term is applied to auditory sensory memory?

A

Echoic Memory

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10
Q

What term is applied to the retention of small amounts of material over periods of a few seconds?

A

Short-Term Memory

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11
Q

What memory system underpins our capacity to “keep things in mind” when performing complex tasks?

A

Working Memory

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12
Q

What system or systems are assumed to underpin the capacity to store information over long periods of time?

A

Long-Term Memory

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13
Q

What Memory is opened to intentional retrieval, whether based on recollecting personal events or facts?

A

Explicit/Declarative Memory

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14
Q

What system retrieves information from long-term memory through performance rather than explicit conscious recall or recognition?

A

Implicit/NonDeclaritive Memory

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15
Q

What system that is assumed to store accumulative knowledge of world?

A

Semantic Memory

16
Q

What system that is assumed to underpin the capacity to remember specific events?

A

Episodic Memory

17
Q

What term was coined by Tulving to emphasize the way in which episodic memory allows us to relive the past and use this information to imagine the future?

A

Mental Time Travel

18
Q

What learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus that is paired repeatedly with a response-evoking stimulus, will come to evoke that response.

A

Classical Conditioning

19
Q

What process whereby presentation of an item influeces the processing of a subsequent item, either making it easier to process or more difficult.

20
Q

What device records the electrical potentials of the brain through a series of electrodes placed on the scalp?

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

21
Q

What method uses EEG, in which the EEG reaction of the brain to specific stimuli is tracked over time?

A

Event-Related Potentials (ERP)

22
Q

What term applied to a range of methods whereby the brain can be studies, either in terms of its anatomical structure, or its operation.

A

Neuroimaging

23
Q

What method whereby radioactively labeled substances are introduced into the bloodstream and subsequently monitored to measure physiological activation?

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

24
What method of brain imaging that relies on detecting changes induced by a powerful magnetic field?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
25
What system whereby the activity of neurons within the brain is detected through the city magnetic fields that their activity generates?
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)