Chapter 1 - What is Memory? Flashcards
What is the view that all scientific explanations should aim to be based on a lower level of analysis: psychology in terms of physiology, physiology in terms of chemistry and chemistry in terms of physics.
Reductionism
What term applies to an approach to memory that relies principally on the learning of lists of words and nonsense syllables?
Verbal Learning
What approach to psychology that was strong in Germany in the 1930’s and that attempted to use perceptual principles to understand memory and reasoning?
Gestalt psychology
Bartlett proposed what to explain how our knowledge of the world is structured and influences the way in which new information is stored and subsequently recalled?
Schema
Which method of expressing a theory more precisely, allowing predictions to be made and tested?
Model
What term is applied to the model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)?
Modal Model
What term is applied to the brief storage of information within a specific modality?
Sensory Memory
What term is applied to the brief storage of visual information?
Iconic Memory
What process by which the perception and/or storage of a stimulus is influenced by events occurring immediately before presentation or more commonly after?
Masking
Before - Forward Masking
After - Backward Masking
What term is applied to auditory sensory memory?
Echoic Memory
What term is applied to the retention of small amounts of material over periods of a few seconds?
Short-Term Memory
What memory system underpins our capacity to “keep things in mind” when performing complex tasks?
Working Memory
What system or systems are assumed to underpin the capacity to store information over long periods of time?
Long-Term Memory
What Memory is opened to intentional retrieval, whether based on recollecting personal events or facts?
Explicit/Declarative Memory
What system retrieves information from long-term memory through performance rather than explicit conscious recall or recognition?
Implicit/NonDeclaritive Memory
What system that is assumed to store accumulative knowledge of world?
Semantic Memory
What system that is assumed to underpin the capacity to remember specific events?
Episodic Memory
What term was coined by Tulving to emphasize the way in which episodic memory allows us to relive the past and use this information to imagine the future?
Mental Time Travel
What learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus that is paired repeatedly with a response-evoking stimulus, will come to evoke that response.
Classical Conditioning
What process whereby presentation of an item influeces the processing of a subsequent item, either making it easier to process or more difficult.
Priming
What device records the electrical potentials of the brain through a series of electrodes placed on the scalp?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
What method uses EEG, in which the EEG reaction of the brain to specific stimuli is tracked over time?
Event-Related Potentials (ERP)
What term applied to a range of methods whereby the brain can be studies, either in terms of its anatomical structure, or its operation.
Neuroimaging
What method whereby radioactively labeled substances are introduced into the bloodstream and subsequently monitored to measure physiological activation?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
What method of brain imaging that relies on detecting changes induced by a powerful magnetic field?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
What system whereby the activity of neurons within the brain is detected through the city magnetic fields that their activity generates?
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
