Chapter 1 - What is Memory?

Question 0

What is the view that all scientific explanations should aim to be based on a lower level of analysis: psychology in terms of physiology, physiology in terms of chemistry and chemistry in terms of physics.

Answer 0

Reductionism

Question 1

What term applies to an approach to memory that relies principally on the learning of lists of words and nonsense syllables?

Answer 1

Verbal Learning

Question 2

What approach to psychology that was strong in Germany in the 1930’s and that attempted to use perceptual principles to understand memory and reasoning?

Answer 2

Gestalt psychology

Question 3

Bartlett proposed what to explain how our knowledge of the world is structured and influences the way in which new information is stored and subsequently recalled?

Answer 3

Schema

Question 4

Which method of expressing a theory more precisely, allowing predictions to be made and tested?

Answer 4

Model

Question 5

What term is applied to the model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)?

Answer 5

Modal Model

Question 6

What term is applied to the brief storage of information within a specific modality?

Answer 6

Sensory Memory

Question 7

What term is applied to the brief storage of visual information?

Answer 7

Iconic Memory

Question 8

What process by which the perception and/or storage of a stimulus is influenced by events occurring immediately before presentation or more commonly after?

Answer 8

Masking

Before - Forward Masking
After - Backward Masking

Question 9

What term is applied to auditory sensory memory?

Answer 9

Echoic Memory

Question 10

What term is applied to the retention of small amounts of material over periods of a few seconds?

Answer 10

Short-Term Memory

Question 11

What memory system underpins our capacity to “keep things in mind” when performing complex tasks?

Answer 11

Working Memory

Question 12

What system or systems are assumed to underpin the capacity to store information over long periods of time?

Answer 12

Long-Term Memory

Question 13

What Memory is opened to intentional retrieval, whether based on recollecting personal events or facts?

Answer 13

Explicit/Declarative Memory

Question 14

What system retrieves information from long-term memory through performance rather than explicit conscious recall or recognition?

Answer 14

Implicit/NonDeclaritive Memory

Question 15

What system that is assumed to store accumulative knowledge of world?

Answer 15

Semantic Memory

Question 16

What system that is assumed to underpin the capacity to remember specific events?

Answer 16

Episodic Memory

Question 17

What term was coined by Tulving to emphasize the way in which episodic memory allows us to relive the past and use this information to imagine the future?

Answer 17

Mental Time Travel

Question 18

What learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus that is paired repeatedly with a response-evoking stimulus, will come to evoke that response.

Answer 18

Classical Conditioning

Question 19

What process whereby presentation of an item influeces the processing of a subsequent item, either making it easier to process or more difficult.

Answer 19

Priming

Question 20

What device records the electrical potentials of the brain through a series of electrodes placed on the scalp?

Answer 20

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 21

What method uses EEG, in which the EEG reaction of the brain to specific stimuli is tracked over time?

Answer 21

Event-Related Potentials (ERP)

Question 22

What term applied to a range of methods whereby the brain can be studies, either in terms of its anatomical structure, or its operation.

Answer 22

Neuroimaging

Question 23

What method whereby radioactively labeled substances are introduced into the bloodstream and subsequently monitored to measure physiological activation?

Answer 23

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Question 24

What method of brain imaging that relies on detecting changes induced by a powerful magnetic field?

Answer 24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 25

What system whereby the activity of neurons within the brain is detected through the city magnetic fields that their activity generates?

Answer 25

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)