Chapter 1 - What is criminal justice

Question 1

crime

Answer 1

Conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse.

Question 2

procedural fairness

Answer 2

The process by which procedures that feel fair to those involved are made.

Question 3

procedural justice

Answer 3

The implementation of fair and equitable procedures in the administration of justice.

Question 4

individual rights

Answer 4

The rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the U.S. Constitution (especially those found in the Bill of Rights).

Question 5

social disorganization

Answer 5

A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.

Question 6

individual-rights advocate

Answer 6

One who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice.

Question 7

social order

Answer 7

The condition of a society characterized by social integration, consensus, smooth functioning, and lack of interpersonal and institutional conflict. Also, a lack of social disorganization.

Question 8

public-order advocate

Answer 8

One who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights.

Question 9

justice

Answer 9

The principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity.

Question 10

social justice

Answer 10

An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.

Question 11

civil justice

Answer 11

The civil law, the law of civil procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action.

Question 12

criminal justice

Answer 12

the criminal (penal) law. the law of criminal procedure, and the the array of procedures and activities having to do with enforcement of this body of law.

Question 13

administration of justice

Answer 13

the performance of any of the following activities: detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post-trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision, or rehabilitation of accused persons or criminal offenders.

Question 14

Three core components of the American Criminal Justice System:

Answer 14

Police, Corrections, and Courts

Question 15

criminal justice system

Answer 15

The aggregate of all operating and administrative or technical support agencies that perform criminal justice functions.

Question 16

consensus model

Answer 16

a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice.

Question 17

conflict model

Answer 17

A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components function primarily to serve their own interests. conflicts between agencies in the system result in “justice”.

Question 18

The American Criminal Justice Process:
first 4 steps:

Answer 18

Investigation
Warrant
Arrest
Booking

Question 19

The American Criminal Justice Process:
steps 5 thru 8

Answer 19

First Appearance
Preliminary Hearing
Information or Indictment
Arraignment

Question 20

The American Criminal Justice Process:
Steps 9 thru 12

Answer 20

Adjudication
Sentencing
Corrections
Re-entry

Question 21

warrant

Answer 21

a writ issued by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement officer to perform a specified act and affording the officer protection from damages if he or she performs it.

Question 22

booking

Answer 22

a law enforcement or correctional administrative process officially recording an entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, the place, the time, the reason for the arrest, and the arresting authority.

Question 23

bail

Answer 23

the money or property pledged to the court or actually deposited with the court to effect the release of a person from legal custody.

Question 24

preliminary hearing

Answer 24

A proceeding before a judicial officer in which three matters must be decided:
1. whether a crime was committed.
2. whether the crime occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, and
3. whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the crime.

Question 25

probable cause

Answer 25

a set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a specified person has committed a specified crime.
(necessary for arrest, search, or seizures)

Question 26

information

Answer 26

a formal, written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense.

Question 27

indictment

Answer 27

a formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony.

Question 28

grand jury

Answer 28

A group of jurors who have been selected according to law and have been sworn to hear the evidence and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the accused person to trial, to investigate criminal activity generally, or to investigate the conduct of a public agency or official.

Question 29

arraignment

Answer 29

strictly, the hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case in which:
the identity of the defendant is established,
the defendant is informed of the charge and his or her rights,
and the defendant is required to enter a plea.
(appearance in court before the trial)

Question 30

trial

Answer 30

in criminal proceedings, the examination in court of the issues of fact and relevant law in a case for the purpose of convicting or acquitting the defendant.

Question 31

consecutive sentence

Answer 31

one of two or more sentences imposed at the same time - time served in sequence.

Question 32

concurrent sentence

Answer 32

one of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, and served at the same time.

Question 33

due process

Answer 33

a right guaranteed by the fourth, fifth, sixth, and fourteenth amendments of the U.S. Constitution - due course of legal proceedings according to the rules and forms established to protect the defendant.

Question 34

crime-control model

Answer 34

a criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders.

Question 35

due process model

Answer 35

a criminal justice perspective that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of justice system processing.

Question 36

social control

Answer 36

the use of sanctions and rewards within a group to influence and shape the behavior of individual members of that group.

Question 37

public health model

Answer 37

an approach to the criminal justice system and to social justice that treats violence and crime like infectious diseases, and which analyzes risk factors to identify how they are spread.

Question 38

evidence-based

Answer 38

supported by the results of rigorous scientific research

Question 39

evidence-based practice (EBP)

Answer 39

crime fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research.

Question 40

criminology

Answer 40

the scientific study of the causes
and prevention of crime
and the rehabilitation
and punishment of offenders.

Question 41

sustainable justice

Answer 41

criminal laws and criminal justice institutions, policies, and practices that achieve justice in the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to have the benefits of a just society.

Question 42

multiculturalism

Answer 42

the existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting and participation in the larger society’s legal and political systems.

Question 43

social diversity

Answer 43

differences between individuals and groups in the same society, including differences based on culture, race, religion, ethnicity, age, gender identity, and disabilities.

Question 44

cultural competence

Answer 44

the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures.