Chapter 1 Variations In Psychological Attributes Flashcards
Define individual differences
Distinctiveness and variations among people’s characteristics and behaviour patterns
What is situationism
Situationism states that situations and circumstances in which one is placed influence one’s behaviour
What is the first step in understanding a psychological attribute?
Assessment
Define assessment
Assessment refers to the measurement of psychological attributes of individuals and their evaluation, often using multiple methods in terms of certain standards of comparison
Formal assessment is _________, ___________, and ____________.
Objective, standardised and organised
Define aptitude
Aptitude is a combination of characteristics that indicates an individual’s capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training
Define intelligence
According to wechsler,
Intelligence is the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally act purposefully and to deal effectively with her or his environment
Define intelligence as per the Oxford dictionary
Intelligence is the power of perceiving,learning, understanding and knowing
Acronym: PLUK
Define intelligence as per Alfred Binet
Intelligence is the ability to judge well, understand well and reason well.
Acronym: JUR
Define intelligence as per Robert Stenberg
Intelligence is the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture
What are the basic types of intelligence under triarchic theory of intelligence
Componential, experiential and contextual
Who developed the PASS model of intelligence
J.P Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby in 1994
What is CAS
CAS: Cognitive assessment system.
- it is a battery of tests
- consists both verbal and non verbal tasks
- measure basic cognitive functions presumed to be independent of schooling
- for individuals b/w 5 and 18 years of age
Define interest
Interest is an individual’s preference for engaging in one or more specific activities relative to others
Define personality
Personality refers to relatively enduring characteristics of a person that make her or him distinct from others
Define values
Values are enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behaviour
Define psychological test
Psychological test is an objective and standardised measure of an individual’s mental and/or behavioural characteristics
Define interview
Interview involves seeking information from a person on a one to one basis
Define case study
Case study is an in-depth study of the individual in terms of her/his psychological attributes, psychological history in the context of her/his psychosocial and physical environment
Define observation
Observation involves employing systematic, organised, and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomena occurring naturally in real time
What is the self-report method
Self-report is a method in which a person provides factual information about herself/himself and/or opinions, beliefs, etc. that she/he holds.
Explain the psychometric approach towards intelligence
- The psychometric approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities
- It expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities
Explain the information processing approach towards intelligence
- It describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving
- Focuses on how an intelligent person acts rather than focusing on structure of intelligence intelligence or its underlying dimensions
- It emphasises studying cognitive functions underlying intelligent behaviour
Uni or one factor theory
1) By Alfred Binet
2) arose from his interest in differentiating more intelligent from less intelligent individuals
3) Conceptualised intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities which can be used for solving any or every problem in an individual’s environment
Two factor theory
1) By Charles Spearman in 1927
2) Employed a statistical method called factor analysis
3) Developed after Analysing data of individuals which was collected using Binet’s test
4) States that intelligence consists of a general factor ( g-factor ) and some specific factors (S factors)
Theory of primary mental abilities
- by Louis Thurstone (after two factor theory)
- States that intelligence consist of seven primary abilities each of which is relatively independent of the others
- primary abilities: (SWIM-VPN)
1) Spatial relations
2) Word fluency
3) Inductive reasoning
4) Memory
5) verbal comprehension
6) perceptual speed
7) numerical abilities
Hierarchal model of intelligence
- by Arthur Jensen
- It consists of abilities operating at two levels, called level one and level two.
- Level one is the associative learning in which output is more or less similar to the input. (E.g Rote learning and memory)
- Level two, called cognitive competence involves higher order skills as they transform the input to produce an effective output
Structure of intellect model
- by JP Guilford, 1988
- It classifies intellectual traits among three-dimensions:
1) Operations: What is the respondent does (Includes cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation)
2) Contents: Nature of materials or information on which intellectual operations are performed. (Includes visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic and behavioural)
3) Products: Form in which information is processed by the respondent. ( classified into units: Classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications) - The model has 180 cells as it includes 6×5×6 categories
- Each cell has minimum one factor or ability And is described in terms of all three dimensions
Theory of Multiple Intelligence
- by Howard Gardner
- According to it intelligence is not a single entity rather distinct types of intelligences exist. Each of these intelligences are independent of each other
- Different types of intelligences interact and work together to find a solution to a problem
- after studying extremely talented individuals he described 8 types of intelligence: (SB MN LILI)
1) Linguistic
2) logical mathematical
3) Spatial
4) Musical
5) Bodily Kinaesthetic
6) interpersonal
7) Intrapersonal
8) Naturalistic
Examples of theories of Intelligence that are representations of psychometric approach
1) uni or one factor theory by Binet
2) two factor theory by Spearman
3) theory of primary mental abilities by Thurstone
4) hierarchical model of intelligence by Arthur Jensen
5) structure of intellect model by Guilford
PASS model of intelligence
- It states that intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of brain.
- These units are responsible for arousal/attention, coding or processing, and planning respectively
- These PASS processes operate on a knowledge base developed either formally or informally from the environment
- These processes are interactive and dynamic in nature; yet each has its own distinctive functions
What is the correlation of intelligence of identical twins reared together
0.90
What is the correlation of intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments
0.72
What is the correlation of intelligence in fraternal twins reared together
0.60
What is the correlation of intelligence of brothers and sisters reared together
0.50
What is the correlation of intelligence in siblings reared apart
0.25
Who made the first successful attempt to formally measure intelligence
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in 1905
What is mental age
Mental age is a measure of a person’s intellectual development relative to people of her/his age group
What is chronological age
Biological age from birth
How did Binet and Simon define retardation
Retardation was defined by Binet and Simon as being two mental age years below the chronological age
Who devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient
William stern, a German psychologist in 1912
What is IQ
Intelligence quotient refers to mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by hundred
What is the average IQ in a population irrespective of age
100
What is the normal curve
It is a bell shaped curve that shows the frequency distribution of the IQ scores
Intelligence is a ______ _________ employed to know how individuals different from one another.
Key construct
Classification of people on the basis of IQ
Above 130: very superior (intellectually gifted)
120– 130: superior
110- 119: high average
90–109: average
80–89: low average
70–79: borderline
Below 70: intellectually disabled
Define intellectual disability as per the American Association on mental deficiency (AAMD)
The American Association on mental deficiency views intellectual disability as significantly sub average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period
Three basic features:
1) Significantly sub average intellectual functioning ( IQ below 70 )
2) Deficits in adaptive behaviour
3) During the developmental period (0-18 years)
What are the different levels of intellect disability
Mild: IQs 55 to approximately 70
Moderate: IQs 35-40 to approximately 50-55
Severe: IQs 20-25 to approximately 35-40
Profound: IQs below 20-25
Define giftedness
Giftedness is exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas
Define talent
Talent is a narrower term than giftedness and refers to remarkable ability in a specific field (examples spiritual, social, aesthetic, et cetera.).
The highly talented or sometime called prodigies
What are some important characteristics of gifted children
1) Advanced logical thinking, questioning and problem-solving behaviour
2) High speed in processing information
3) Superior generalisation and discrimination ability
4) Advanced level of original and creative thinking
5) High level of Intrinsic motivation and self-esteem
6) Independent and non-conformist thinking
7) Preference for solitary academic activities for long periods
What are culture fair or Culturally appropriate tests
One that does not discriminate against individuals belonging to different cultures
Intelligence is a ______ _________ employed to know how individuals different from one another.
Key construct
What is culture
Culture is a collective system of customs, beliefs, attitudes, and achievements in art and literature
What is technological intelligence
Technology is a cool intelligence is the type of behaviour promoted by technological advance societies
In these societies persons are well versed in skills of attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed, and achievement orientation.
What are the three facets of intelligence in the Indian tradition or in integral intelligence
1) Cognitive capacity
2) Social competence
3) Emotional competence
Define emotional intelligence
According to Salovey and Mayer, emotional intelligence is
The ability to monitor one’s own and others’ emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s own thinking and actions
