chapter 1 (unit 2)

Question 1

Healthcare systems are essentially

Answer 1

soical system

Question 2

what is the aspects of the haelthcare system as a soical system?

Answer 2

in the attitudes, perception, motivation, and expectation of human beings

Question 3

what are the factors of the fundamental input to the pop health status?

Answer 3

Health service delivary, and soical determinants of health

Question 4

what kind of interventions that are delivared by a health system?

Answer 4

preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative interventions.

Question 5

How does a health system deliver interventions?

Answer 5

through a combination of public health actions and the pyramid of health care facilities.

Question 6

what is a system?

Answer 6

 Set of interrelated and independent parts designed to achieve a set of goals.
 System is not a chain linear relationship, complex interrelated part linked to the environment.

Question 7

What is a Health System ?

Answer 7

A health system is the sum total of all the organizations, institutions and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health (WHO)

Question 8

what is the goals of the health system?

Answer 8

 Improvement of population health.
 Responding to the people expectation.
 Providing financial protection against cost of illness.

Question 9

what does the health system need?

Answer 9

it needs:
1-Info
2-staff
3-funds
4-communication
5-supplies
6-traports
7-and ovarall guidance and direction

Question 10

how do we strengthen the health system?

Answer 10

by addressing key contraints in each point of the health system needs.

Question 11

what are the components of HS?

Answer 11

1- financing resources
2-legislative authorities
3-health regulators
4-haelth care providers
5-huamn resources
6-medical supplies
7-pharmaceutical producers
8-judiciary services

Question 12

exampels of financing resources

Answer 12

govermental, out of pocket, charity and donation

Question 13

examples of legislative authorities

Answer 13

politicians, decision makers, experts

Question 14

examples of health regulators

Answer 14

the national organizations, MOH

Question 15

examples of haelth care providers

Answer 15

goverment agencies, privet sector, and NGOs

Question 16

examples of Human Resources

Answer 16

professionals

Question 17

examples of Medical supplies

Answer 17

Medical supplies (consumables)
medical equipment
medical instruments
medical devices

Question 18

examples of Pharmaceutical producers

Answer 18

medication
medical solutions
immunizations

Question 19

examples of Judiciary Services

Answer 19

committee for privete sector violations
medico-legal committee
health insurance violation committee

Question 20

elements of haelthcare system

Answer 20

input: HR, material, techno, info, capital
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process: quality–> health services are effective, safe, centered on the patients needs, and given in a timly fashion
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outputs: pation care, acceptable cost, training
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we mesure the outcome: improvment in infant mortality rate and life expectancy

Question 21

HS framework by WHO

Answer 21

they describe it in six core components:
1-service delivery
2-health workforce
3-health info system
4-access to essential medicines
5-financing
6-leadership\ governance

Question 22

what are the outcomes of WHO framework?

Answer 22

-improve health (level, quality)
-responsiveness
-social and financial risk protection
-improved efficiency

Question 23

how do we strengthen service delivery?

Answer 23

by achieving the health-related SDGs

Question 24

what is the immediate output of the input into the HS?

Answer 24

service delivery

Question 25

Key characteristics of good service delivery

Answer 25

1- Comprehensiveness 2-Accessibility 3-Coverage 4-Continuity 5-Quality 6- Person-centredness 7-Coordination 8- Accountability and efficiency

Question 26

The ability of a country to meet its health goals depends largely on.......................

Answer 26

the knowledge, skills, motivation and deployment of the people responsible for organizing and delivering health services.

Question 27

definition of health workforce

Answer 27

all people engaged in actions whose primary intent is to enhance health”

Question 28

what is the limit of healthcare workforce that will fall to achieve the coverage rate foe selected primary healthcare interventions ?

Answer 28

fewer than 23 per 10000 population will fall, according to WHO

Question 29

Health information systems

Answer 29

enabling planning, underpinning and stimulating research, permitting health situation and trends analyses

Question 30

health information system has 4 key functions:

Answer 30

I. Data generation, II. Compilation, III. Analysis and synthesis, and IV. Communication and use

Question 31

Health planners and decision-makers need different kinds of information including:

Answer 31

1-Health determinants: (socioeconomic, environmental, behavioral and genetic factors) within which the health system operates) 2-inputs and processes (policy and organization, health infrastructure, facilities and equipment, costs, human and financial resources and health information systems) 3- Performance of the health system (availability, accessibility, quality and use of health information, services and financial risk protection) 4- Health outcomes (mortality, morbidity, disease outbreaks, health status, disability and wellbeing). 5- Health inequities (determinants, coverage of use of services, and health outcomes)

Question 32

To achieve access to essential medicines objectives, the following are needed:

Answer 32

* National policies, standards, guidelines and regulations that support policy * Information on prices and the capacity to set and negotiate prices. * Reliable manufacturing practices * Procurement, supply and storage, and distribution systems. * Support for rational use of medicines and equipment, through guidelines and strategies to assure adherence, reduce resistance, maximize patient safety and training

Question 33

Health financing definition:

Answer 33

function of a health system concerned with the mobilization,accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system

Question 34

objectives of health financing:

Answer 34

make funding available, as well as to set the right financial incentives to providers, to ensure that all individuals have access to effective public health and personal health care

Question 35

Comprehensiveness:

Answer 35

A comprehensive range of health services is provided, appropriate to the needs of the target population

Question 36

Accessibility

Answer 36

- Services are directly and permanently accessible with out barriers - services are close to the people, with a routine point of entry to the service network at primary care level

Question 37

Continuity

Answer 37

Service delivery is organized to provide an individual with continuity of care across the network of services, health conditions, levels of care, and over the life-cycle.

Question 38

Person-centredness

Answer 38

Services are organized around the person, not the disease or the financing.

Question 39

Coordination

Answer 39

Local area health service networks are actively coordinated, across types of provider, types of care, levels of service delivery, and for both routine and emergency preparedness

Question 40

Accountability and efficiency

Answer 40

- achieving the core elements with a minimum wastage of resources - achieve planned objectives and held accountable for overall performance and results. - Assessment includes appropriate mechanisms for the participation of the target population and civil society.