Chapter 1 - Turning To Crime

Question 1

What does it mean by deprivation when looking at 1.1.3

Answer 1

Housing and schools

Question 2

How many studies did Hsieh and Pugh do a meta analysis of

Answer 2

36

Question 3

What’s the aim of wikstrom and tafels study?

Answer 3

Study a range of factors and identify most significant at predicting future criminality

Question 4

How many males and females committed 1 or more crimes

Answer 4

44.8% males and 30.6% of females

Serious crime of theft 9.8% males and 3.8% females

Question 5

How much percentage of the sample was interviewed

Answer 5

20%

Question 6

What were the protective factors

Answer 6

Strong family and school bonds, parental criminality,

Question 7

What are lifestyle dependant offenders

Answer 7

Peer centred activities , socialising with delinquent peers

Question 8

Describe first section of the background for criminal thinking patterns

Answer 8

All or nothing thinking 
Catastrophying : predict future negatively 
Disqualifying discounting the positive 
Emotional reasoning 
Labelling 
Magnification/minimization

Question 9

What is an automatic thinking errors

Answer 9

Lack of empathy and trust and failure to accept obligations

Question 10

Crime related thinking patterns

Answer 10

Optimistic fantasising about specific criminal acts, unrealistic sense of invulnerability

Question 11

Criminal thinking patterns

Answer 11

Fear which leads them to need power and control- search for perfection, inconsistencies or fragmentation of thinking

Question 12

Describe level one of pre conventional moral development

Answer 12

Right and wrong determined by reward and punishment
1- obedience to authority
2- pleasure seeking orientation - individual needs

Question 13

Describe level 3 on kohlbergs post conventional level

Answer 13

Social contract orientation - living up to social expectations
Morality of individual principles - internalised principles of justice even if conflict with law

Question 14

Aim of gudjohnsonn and bownes

Answer 14

Examine relationship between type of offence and attributions offenders make about criminal acts

Question 15

What was the method of 1.2.3 crime

Answer 15

Self report - gudjohnsonn 42 item blame attribution inventory

Question 16

Describe the sex offenders guilt mental and external attribution

Answer 16

12. 7
13. 7
14. 4

Question 17

What was the violent criminals mental attribution

Answer 17

5.3

Question 18

What was the property’s guilt mental and external attribution

Answer 18

5.3
4
3

Question 19

Desrvibe all the findings from Raines second study

Answer 19

Low resting heart rate most common in anti social children
Males lower resting heart rate than females - difference from age of 3
Low heart rate is hereditary
Poor relationship with parents and low resting heart rate linked to psycho-social risk factors
If females have low resting heart rate more likely to display anti social behaviour

Question 20

Why did raine conduct assessments on the 41 offenders

Answer 20

Due to schizophrenia head injury and epilepsy

Question 21

What does reduced brain activity in the corpus collosum lead to

Answer 21

The dysfunction is associated with predisposition to violence

Question 22

What is serotonin

Answer 22

A neurotransmitter which has an important role in regulating anger and aggression- a feel good chemical
Lower than normal levels lead to depression

Question 23

What’s causes males to commit more crime than females

Answer 23

Males provide and protect due to hunting which leads them to be less emotive
Females nurture and support which means they have more communication and comfort

Question 24

The method of yochelson and same now

Answer 24

Longitudinal study over 14 years while working in mental hospital and used Freudian therapeutic interviews

Question 25

Describe all 3 types of offenders in wikstrom and tafels study

Answer 25

Propensity induced - enduring personality to offend, small group, more serious crimes, weak family and sxhool bonds and low levels of social control
Lifestyle dependant - peer centred activities- dodgy behaviour socialising with delinquent peers
Situationally limited- dragged into crime if hanging around with wrong people- short term offenders