Chapter 1 - The Vine

Question 1

What are the 4 main sections of the vine?

Answer 1

Roots
Permanent Wood
One year old wood
Shoots

Question 2

What are the major structures of a shoot?`

Answer 2

Tendrils
Leaves
Inflorescences
Buds
Lateral shoots

Question 3

What is the role of buds? What are the 2 main types?

Answer 3

They mature into the green parts of a vine - stem, leaves, tendrils, inflorescenses, buds

Compound buds and Prompt buds

Question 4

What is the purpose of the stem of a shoot?

Answer 4

Provide structure
Transport water and solutes
Store carbohydrates

Question 5

What is the main function of lateral shoots?

Answer 5

Allow the plant to carry on growing if hte tip of the primary shoot has been damaged or eaten

Provide an additional source of leaves for photosynthesis (if its at the end of the primary shoot and exposed to sunlight)

Question 6

Describe Compound Buds

Answer 6

AKA Latent buds
Form in one growing season and break open the next. They produce the shoots for the next growing season

Generally has 1 primary bud and a secondary/tertiary bud. Secondary/tertiary buds only break open if damage (ie spring frost) happened to the primary bud

Question 7

Describr Prompt buds

Answer 7

Form and break open in the same growing season

They form on the primary shoot and produce lateral shoots

Question 8

Why might lateral shoots be removed during summer pruning?

Answer 8

They are nearer the base of hte primary shoot and impede air flow or shade the fruit too much

Question 9

What is a second crop? How is it different from the main crop?

Answer 9

Inflorescences produced by lateral shoots

They become bunches of grapes later htan those on the main stem and ripen later

Question 10

Describe Tendrils

Answer 10

Provide support to the shoot. The tendrils curl around trellis wires and keep the canopy in place

Question 11

Describe Leaves

Answer 11

Main site of photosynthesis in vines. This process produces sugars used for vine growth and metabolism

Question 12

Describe transpiration

Answer 12

When water and nutrients are drawn up from the soil through the vine to the leaves when water diffuses out of the stomata

Question 13

Describe Inflorescences

Answer 13

A cluster of flowers on a stem that become a bunch of grapes at fruit set. Usually there’s 1-3 inflorescenses on a shoot

Question 14

Describe Bunches (of grapes)

Answer 14

Fertilized inflorescenses

Question 15

What are the main parts of a grape?

Answer 15

Pulp
Skin
Seed

Question 16

Describe the Pulp

Answer 16

Makes up the majority of hte grape’s weight and volume

Contains water, sugars, acids, and some aroma compounds/precursors

Question 17

Describe Grape Skin

Answer 17

Contains a high concentration of aroma compounds/precursors, tannins, color compounds

Question 18

Describe Grape Seeds

Answer 18

Contain oils, tannins, and the embryo

Question 19

What is the bloom?

Answer 19

Powdery waxy coating that covers the surface of the grape

Question 20

Describe one year old wood

Answer 20

The shoots from the previous season that weren’t removed during winter pruning and hold the compound buds that burst for the upcoming growing season
Either cane or spur pruned

Question 21

Describe Permanent Wood

Answer 21

The woody parts that are more than one year old including the trunk. Can sometimes include one or more horizontal arms of permanent wood (cordons)

Provide support
Transport water and solutes thru the vine
Store carbohydrates and nutrients

Question 22

Describe Roots

Answer 22

Anchors the vine
Uptakes water and nutrients from the soil
Store carbohydrates
Produce hormones

Question 23

What factors influence hte distribution of the main framework of roots

Answer 23

Soil type
Water source
Type of rootstock
Cultivation

Question 24

Two ways to propogate vines:

Answer 24

Cuttings - small cuttings are taken from a vie and planted to grow a new plant. Can be grafted onto rootstock and nurseries can treat to avoid diseases

Layerings - bending a cane down into the ground with the tip pointing up. Once the part in teh ground takes root, it is cut from the original vine. The new vine grows on its own roots NOT rootstock

Question 25

Describe Clonal Selection

Answer 25

Choosing cuttings from vines with favorable characteristics to propogate

Question 26

Pros and cons of clonal selection

Answer 26

Pro: vineyard management is simpler when all the grapes can be treated and harvested the same way at the same time

Con: less diversity in the region and all the wines from the region start to become the same
Less diversity in the vineyard means wines produced will have less complexity and balance
Vineyard becomes more susceptible to disease

Question 27

Describe Mass Selection

Answer 27

Vineyard owners take cuttings from the best vines in their vineyard and propogate them.

Question 28

Pros and cons of mass selection

Answer 28

Pros: Vineyard uniqueness and increase in diversity throughout the vineyard and region
When using your own planting material, fruit quality and/or yield can be enhanced

Cons: several years of monitoring is required to know which vines are performing the best - costly in time and labor
If the parent vine is infected by disease, new vines are also likely to be infected - technique speeds up the spread of vine disease (no nursery to make sure vines are healthy)

Question 29

What is a cross?

Answer 29

Offpring with parents from the same species (Pinotage)

Question 30

What is a hybrid?

Answer 30

Offpsring with parents from different species (ie Vidal Blanc)