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CU: Genetics > Chapter 1: The Study of Biological Information > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Study of Biological Information Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the value of genetics?

A
  • God created the heavens and the earth (author): discussed through scripture
  • God actively maintains the created order (sustainer)
  • It reveals God
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2
Q

What does all life have in common?

A

Same structure/chemical properties (the ordering determines the organism)

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3
Q

What is DNA?

A

A polymer of nucleotide subunits

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4
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

1) Phosphate group
2) Deoxyribose sugar
3) Nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C)
2 + 3 = nucleoside

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5
Q

What does the orientation of the DNA tell us?

A

*Tells us which direction to read it
3’ and 5’, two strands are opposite to each other

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6
Q

What is RNA?

A

molecule in the decoding process (DNA –> protein) like DNA but has a ribose sugar

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7
Q

What is a base pair?

A

neighbor nucleotides that associate through hydrogen bonds {AT} {GC}

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8
Q

How do we get biological information?

A

The sequence of nucleotides

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9
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three nucleotides which then code for one amino acid

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10
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

assembly of DNA molecules and proteins that contain many genes

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10
Q

What are genes?

A

Sequences of DNA that encode a protein
“segments of information”
(May encode more than one trait or work with other genes to encode one trait)

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11
Q

What is a genome? What is the human genome?

A

The entire collection of chromosomes (set info)
- Humans: 46 chromosomes
– females: 23 sets
– males: 22 sets + X and Y
– 3 x 10^9 base pairs
– genes: unknown! 20,000-30,000

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12
Q

What are proteins? (sequence, type, structure, function)

A

Polymers of the 20 amino acids (64 possible combinations of the 3 nucleotides)
- amino acid sequence determined by the info from DNA order
- type and 3D structure is determined by the amino acid sequence
- diverse function is determined by diverse 3D structure

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13
Q

What are the aspects of amino acids?

A

Amino group & carboxyl group (common backbone), side chain (unique) interacts with ammino acids to determine chemical properties)
- Bonds: peptide bonds (carboxyl + amino group - H2O)
- diff sequence –> unique 3D shape –> function

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14
Q

What are examples of protein roles?

A

Antibodies, enzymes, messenger, structural component, transport/storage
*Important for the function of all life (humans, plants, bacteria)

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15
Q

What are the aspects of RNA?

A
  • Similar structure to DNA but ribose sugar & Uracil (not thiamine)
  • Function: Store info, replicate, mutate, & express information (messenger)
  • Also fold 3 dimensions and catalyze chemical processes: single strand leaves open for degradation, folding protects
  • Tends to be unstable (especially ssRNA)
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16
Q

What does it mean that all organisms use the same molecular specialization?

A

All organisms have
- DNA: store and replicate biological information
- RNA: intermediate in production of
- Proteins: to catalyze biological processes
- Decoding begins at start codon (AUG, Met) and end at stop codon

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17
Q

What are the shortened versions of alanine?

A

Ala, A

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18
Q

What are the shortened versions of aspartic acid?

A

Asp, D

19
Q

What are the shortened versions of asparagine?

A

Asn, N

20
Q

What are the shortened versions of cysteine?

A

Cys, C

21
Q

What are the shortened versions of Glycine?

A

Gly, G

22
Q

What are the shortened versions of glutamic acid?

A

Glu, E

23
Q

What are the shortened versions of glutamine?

A

Gln Q

24
Q

What are the shortened versions of histidine?

A

His, H

25
Q

What are the shortened versions of isoleucine?

A

Ile, I

26
Q

What are the shortened versions of leucine?

A

Leu, L

27
Q

What are the shortened versions of lysine?

A

Lys, K

28
Q

What are the shortened versions of arginine?

A

Arg, R

29
Q

What are the shortened versions of methionine?

A

Met, M

30
Q

What are the shortened versions of phenylalanine?

A

Phe, F

31
Q

What are the shortened versions of threonine?

A

Thr, T

32
Q

What are the shortened versions of Tryptophan?

A

Trp, W

33
Q

What are the shortened versions of tyrosine?

A

Tyr, Y

34
Q

What are the shortened versions of valine?

A

Val, V

35
Q

What are the shortened versions of proline?

A

Pro, P

36
Q

What are the shortened versions of Serine?

A

Ser, S

37
Q

What about genes with similar function in different organisms?

A
  • produce similar gene products
  • gene from one organism can often functionally replace a gene in another organism
38
Q

What is the evolutionary understanding of genes?

A
  • gene families come from one ancestral gene
  • occurs: duplication then sequence divergency (no new code from scratch)
  • REQUIRES: mutations of key regulatory neteorks
39
Q

What are key regulatory networks and how are they involved in evolutionary ideas?

A

Affect location, timing, and level of gene expression
- ie 2 wing fly from 4 wing fly then convert wings to halteres

40
Q

What are modern genetic techniques?

A
  • Genetic study is the dissection of model organisms: inactivate genes and find out consequences making conclusions about gene product function
  • Genomics: determine sequence of entire genome (more feasible recently)
    – 10 years, 3 billion
    – days, $5,000
    – First step now figure out where genes are since only small fraction of DNA is used for protein synthesis
41
Q

What is the purpose of model organisms in genomics?

A

Learn about a group by focusing on one organism
- provide valuable information about biology

42
Q

What are the good and bad of human genetics in society?

A
  • Good: help predict possibilities/risks of disease, design therapeutic drugs, parenting profile
  • Bad: Discrimination, misinterpretation of information, bioengineered weapons
43
Q

What is the use of interpretation of genetic information?

A
  • Identify diseases before symptoms occur: some genes indicate disease will occur or is more likely to occur
  • Education is essential for understanding the statistics/probability
44
Q

What are guidelines for genetic engineering?

A
  • 2008: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
  • Transgenetic technology (genetic engineering): routine in animals, what about humans (already been done, HIV resistance in embryos, gene editing for cancer treatment)
  • HGE determined ethical for cancer treatment
  • Must be wise and practice good stewardship: enter with caution and think through consequences

CU: Genetics (7 decks)

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