Chapter 1 -- The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

study of structure and form

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

study of the function of body parts

Question 3

steps to scientific method

Answer 3

observation
hypothesis
experiment
draw conclusions

Question 4

gross anatomy

Answer 4

study of large pieces of anatomy that are visible without instruments

Question 5

palpation

Answer 5

squeezing with hands/fingers

Question 6

auscultation

Answer 6

use of stethoscope

Question 7

systematic anatomy

Answer 7

study of anatomy that focuses on each individual body system

Question 8

regional anatomy

Answer 8

examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

Question 9

surface anatomy

Answer 9

focuses on both superficial anatomic markups + the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them

Question 10

developmental anatomy

Answer 10

studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity

Question 11

embryology

Answer 11

discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

Question 12

8 Necessary Life Functions

Answer 12

metabolism
growth + development
responsiveness
organization
homeostasis
reproduction
heredity/DNA
adaptation/evolution

Question 13

metabolism

Answer 13

sum of all the chemical reations that occur within the body

Question 14

anabolism

Answer 14

small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

Question 15

catabolism

Answer 15

larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

Question 16

11 main systems of the human body

Answer 16

integumentary system
skeletal system
muscular system
nervous system
endocrine system
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
respiratory system
urinary system
digestive system
reproductive system

Question 17

anatomic position

Answer 17

stands upright with the feet parallel + flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the eyes look forward toward the observer

Question 18

supine

Answer 18

lying flat on back

Question 19

prone

Answer 19

lying flat on stomach

Question 20

section

Answer 20

refers to actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy

Question 21

plane

Answer 21

imaginary flat surface passing through body

Question 22

coronal plane

Answer 22

vertical plane so that it is broken down to front and back (anterior and posterior)

Question 23

transverse plane

Answer 23

horizontal plane

Question 24

sagittal plane

Answer 24

vertical plane that slices body into left and right sections

Question 25

midsagittal

Answer 25

vertical plane that slices into equal left and right sections

Question 26

oblique plane

Answer 26

diagonal plane

Question 27

anterior

Answer 27

in front of; toward the front surface

Question 28

posterior

Answer 28

in back of; toward the back suface

Question 29

dorsal

Answer 29

toward the back side of the human body

Question 30

ventral

Answer 30

toward the belly side of the human body

Question 31

superior

Answer 31

closer to the head

Question 32

inferior

Answer 32

closer to the feet

Question 33

cranial (cephalic)

Answer 33

toward the head end

Question 34

caudal

Answer 34

toward the rear or tail end

Question 35

rostral

Answer 35

toward the nose or mouth

Question 36

medial

Answer 36

toward the midline of the body

Question 37

lateral

Answer 37

away from the midline of the body

Question 38

ipsilateral

Answer 38

on the same side

Question 39

contralateral

Answer 39

on the opposite side

Question 40

deep

Answer 40

closer to the inside, internal to another structure

Question 41

superficial

Answer 41

closer to the outside, external to another structure

Question 42

proximal

Answer 42

closer to point of attachment to trunk

Question 43

distal

Answer 43

farther away from point of attachment to trunk

Question 44

axial region

Answer 44

includes head neck and trunk; forms the main vertical axis of the body

Question 45

appendicular region

Answer 45

includes upper + lower limbs attached to axial region

Question 46

cavities

Answer 46

enclosed spaces that internal organs + organ systems are located

Question 47

posterior aspect

Answer 47

contain cavities that are encased in bone + are physically + developmentally different from the ventral cavity

Question 48

cranial cavity

Answer 48

formed by the bones of the cranium

Question 49

vertebral canal

Answer 49

formed by the bones of the vertebral column

Question 50

ventral cavity

Answer 50

larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body

Question 51

parietal layer

Answer 51

typically lines the internal surface of the body wall

Question 52

visceral layer

Answer 52

covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity

Question 53

serous cavity

Answer 53

potential space between the parietal + visceral layer

Question 54

serous fluid

Answer 54

liquid secreted by a serous membrane

Question 55

mediastinum

Answer 55

median space between lungs

Question 56

abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 56

consists of an abdominal cavity (superior to pelvic brim) and a pelvic cavity (inferior to pelvic brim)

Question 57

abdominal cavity

Answer 57

space between the abdominal wall and the spine

Question 58

pelvic cavity

Answer 58

surrounded by pelvic bones and it contains organs like urinary bladder, rectum, and pelvic genitals

Question 59

umbilical region

Answer 59

middle region where the umbilicus lies

Question 60

epigastric region

Answer 60

superior to umbilical region

Question 61

hypogastric region

Answer 61

lies inferior to umbilical region

Question 62

right + left hypochondriac regions

Answer 62

inferior to the costal cartilages + lateral to the epigastric region

Question 63

right + left lumbar regions

Answer 63

lateral to the umbilical region

Question 64

right + left iliac region

Answer 64

lateral to hypogastric region

Question 65

homeostasis

Answer 65

ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady rate" in response to changing internal or external conditions

Question 66

receptor

Answer 66

detects changes in a variables

Question 67

stimulus

Answer 67

change in the variable (physical or chemical)

Question 68

control center

Answer 68

structure that both interprets input from the receptor + initiates changes through the effector

Question 69

effector

Answer 69

structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

Question 70

negative feedback

Answer 70

resulting action will always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus

Question 71

positive feedback

Answer 71

stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs