Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Flashcards
What are the characteristics of life?
1.) Cellular organization
2.) Organized complexity
3.) Sensitivity (response to stimuli)
4.) Growth, development, reproduction
5.) Energy utilization
6.) Homeostasis
7.) Evolutionary adaptation
What is the order of the hierarchical organization of life?
atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, same species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Deductive reasoning
applies general principals to predict specific results
ex) inferring species of specimen from characteristics
Inductive reasoning
uses specific observations to construct general principals
ex) poodles and dogs observed all have hair, so all dogs have hair
Scientific Method Order
observations, questions, hypothesis, experiments, theory
Hypothesis
- a possible explanation of an observation
- testable
- able to yield predictions
Scientific theory
- a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data
- tested frequently and supported by lots of evidence
Evolution
living things are different from how they once began
Thomas Malthus
said that populations increase geometrically (in multiples: 2, 6, 18), while food supply increases arithmetically (2, 4, 6)
Natural selection
the “fittest” individuals will survive and pass on their traits
Artificial selection
breeders chose certain variations of animals (more variation)
When did life begin?
3.8 billion years ago
How old is Earth?
4.5 billion years old
Homologous structures
- same evolutionary origin, different function
- vertebrate limbs
Analogous structures
- different evolutionary origin, similar function
- butterfly and bird wings
Phylogenetic tree
- pattern of descent traced through nucleotide changes in gene sequence
- represents evolutionary history of a gene, like a family tree
Genome
set of DNA instructions that specifies a cell
Bacteria Domain
single-celled, little internal structure
Archaea Domain
prokaryotes or single-celled with little internal structure
Eukarya Domain
- complex cells
- made of Kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Kingdom Protista
unicellular eukaryotes besides yeast and multicellular algae
Kingdom Plantae
cell walls made of cellulose, photosynthesis
Kingdom Fungi
cell walls made of chitin, secretion of digestive enzymes
Kingdom Animalia
no cell walls, ingest other organisms, then digest
The idea of evolution…
predated Darwin and Wallace
What life form existed first?
prokaryotic unicellular heterotroph
Cell theory
concluded by Schleiden and Schwann that all living things are made of cells and come from pre-existing cells
Molecule
a group of two or more atoms
Organelle
specialized part of a cell
Variables control
factor that is held constant throughout an experiment - something to compare to
Basic research
done at universities, extends boundaries of what we know
Applied research
involves applying research to manufacturing of food additives, new drugs, etc.
Did Earth’s early atmosphere have oxygen?
no
What is a prokaryote?
doesn’t have membrane-bound organelles
How long ago did photosynthesis begin?
2.7 billion years ago
What is a eukaryote?
- has membrane-bound organelles
- evolved from prokaryotes
Endosymbiois
- living inside one another
- mitochondria and chloroplasts
Carrolus Linnaeus
known for creating system of binomial nomenclature
Charles Darwin
- wrote the book The Origin of Species
- noticed 14 different finch species on the Galapagos Islands and formulated that evolution occurs because of natural selection
How old are microscopic fossils?
2.5 billion years old
What is carbon-14 used for?
to determined the age of archaeological facts of biological origin of around 50,000 years old
How do you hold a microscope?
- carry the microscope with both hands
- one hand on arm, one hand under the base
- hold upright
What is the purpose of a microscope’s diaphragm?
- regulates the amount of light that passes through the specimen
What is the difference between fine adjustment and course adjustment on a microscope?
- fine adjustment = precision focusing
- course adjustment = larger focusing
What part of the microscope produces the light?
- condenser
What parts are located in the body of the microscope?
- prisms
- eyepiece tube
- lenses
What do you clean the microscope lens with?
- lens paper
What happens to the brightness of the field of view of a microscope as you change from low power to high power?
- the brightness decreases
What would an “e” look like under a microscope?
- rotated 180 degrees
- now it’s upside down
When you move the slide to the left on the stage, what direction does the image appear to move?
- right
When you move the slide away from you on the stage, what direction does the image appear to move?
- toward you
How do you calculate the total magnification on a microscope?
multiply objective lens by ocular lens
