Chapter 1: The Science of Biology

Question 1

What are the characteristics of life?

Answer 1

1.) Cellular organization
2.) Organized complexity
3.) Sensitivity (response to stimuli)
4.) Growth, development, reproduction
5.) Energy utilization
6.) Homeostasis
7.) Evolutionary adaptation

Question 2

What is the order of the hierarchical organization of life?

Answer 2

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, same species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Question 3

Deductive reasoning

Answer 3

applies general principals to predict specific results
ex) inferring species of specimen from characteristics

Question 4

Inductive reasoning

Answer 4

uses specific observations to construct general principals
ex) poodles and dogs observed all have hair, so all dogs have hair

Question 5

Scientific Method Order

Answer 5

observations, questions, hypothesis, experiments, theory

Question 6

Hypothesis

Answer 6

• a possible explanation of an observation
• testable
• able to yield predictions

Question 7

Scientific theory

Answer 7

• a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data
• tested frequently and supported by lots of evidence

Question 8

Evolution

Answer 8

living things are different from how they once began

Question 9

Thomas Malthus

Answer 9

said that populations increase geometrically (in multiples: 2, 6, 18), while food supply increases arithmetically (2, 4, 6)

Question 10

Natural selection

Answer 10

the “fittest” individuals will survive and pass on their traits

Question 11

Artificial selection

Answer 11

breeders chose certain variations of animals (more variation)

Question 12

When did life begin?

Answer 12

3.8 billion years ago

Question 13

How old is Earth?

Answer 13

4.5 billion years old

Question 14

Homologous structures

Answer 14

• same evolutionary origin, different function
• vertebrate limbs

Question 15

Analogous structures

Answer 15

• different evolutionary origin, similar function
• butterfly and bird wings

Question 16

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 16

• pattern of descent traced through nucleotide changes in gene sequence
• represents evolutionary history of a gene, like a family tree

Question 17

Genome

Answer 17

set of DNA instructions that specifies a cell

Question 18

Bacteria Domain

Answer 18

single-celled, little internal structure

Question 19

Archaea Domain

Answer 19

prokaryotes or single-celled with little internal structure

Question 20

Eukarya Domain

Answer 20

• complex cells
• made of Kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Question 21

Kingdom Protista

Answer 21

unicellular eukaryotes besides yeast and multicellular algae

Question 22

Kingdom Plantae

Answer 22

cell walls made of cellulose, photosynthesis

Question 23

Kingdom Fungi

Answer 23

cell walls made of chitin, secretion of digestive enzymes

Question 24

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 24

no cell walls, ingest other organisms, then digest

Question 25

The idea of evolution...

Answer 25

predated Darwin and Wallace

Question 26

What life form existed first?

Answer 26

prokaryotic unicellular heterotroph

Question 27

Cell theory

Answer 27

concluded by Schleiden and Schwann that all living things are made of cells and come from pre-existing cells

Question 28

Molecule

Answer 28

a group of two or more atoms

Question 29

Organelle

Answer 29

specialized part of a cell

Question 30

Variables control

Answer 30

factor that is held constant throughout an experiment - something to compare to

Question 31

Basic research

Answer 31

done at universities, extends boundaries of what we know

Question 32

Applied research

Answer 32

involves applying research to manufacturing of food additives, new drugs, etc.

Question 33

Did Earth's early atmosphere have oxygen?

Answer 33

no

Question 34

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 34

doesn't have membrane-bound organelles

Question 35

How long ago did photosynthesis begin?

Answer 35

2.7 billion years ago

Question 36

What is a eukaryote?

Answer 36

- has membrane-bound organelles - evolved from prokaryotes

Question 37

Endosymbiois

Answer 37

- living inside one another - mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 38

Carrolus Linnaeus

Answer 38

known for creating system of binomial nomenclature

Question 39

Charles Darwin

Answer 39

- wrote the book The Origin of Species - noticed 14 different finch species on the Galapagos Islands and formulated that evolution occurs because of natural selection

Question 40

How old are microscopic fossils?

Answer 40

2.5 billion years old

Question 41

What is carbon-14 used for?

Answer 41

to determined the age of archaeological facts of biological origin of around 50,000 years old

Question 42

How do you hold a microscope?

Answer 42

- carry the microscope with both hands - one hand on arm, one hand under the base - hold upright

Question 43

What is the purpose of a microscope's diaphragm?

Answer 43

- regulates the amount of light that passes through the specimen

Question 44

What is the difference between fine adjustment and course adjustment on a microscope?

Answer 44

- fine adjustment = precision focusing - course adjustment = larger focusing

Question 45

What part of the microscope produces the light?

Answer 45

- condenser

Question 46

What parts are located in the body of the microscope?

Answer 46

- prisms - eyepiece tube - lenses

Question 47

What do you clean the microscope lens with?

Answer 47

- lens paper

Question 48

What happens to the brightness of the field of view of a microscope as you change from low power to high power?

Answer 48

- the brightness decreases

Question 49

What would an "e" look like under a microscope?

Answer 49

- rotated 180 degrees - now it's upside down

Question 50

When you move the slide to the left on the stage, what direction does the image appear to move?

Answer 50

- right

Question 51

When you move the slide away from you on the stage, what direction does the image appear to move?

Answer 51

- toward you

Question 52

How do you calculate the total magnification on a microscope?

Answer 52

multiply objective lens by ocular lens