Chapter 1 - The Modern State of Health and Physical Fitness Flashcards
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromian bone of the shoulder.
Medial Collateral Cruciate (MCL) Tear
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee.
Patellar Tendonitis
An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone).
Plantar Fasciitis
An inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot , which often results in intense heel pain.
Sprain
A stretching or tearing of ligaments.
Skeletal Muscle
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.
Endorphins
A group of hormones secreted by the brain that provides a variety of physiological functions such as reducing the reception of pain.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
A general term used to describe progressive long diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory ( non-reversible) asthma.
Cancer
A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Insulin Resistance
The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.
Glucose
The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy.
Diabetes
Chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat protein.
Diastolic Blood Pressure
The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded.
Systolic Blood Pressure
The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number.
Hypertension
Consistently elevated blood pressure.
Physical Activity
Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensifies.
Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits.
Atherosclerosis
The processes by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow.
Ischemic Heart Disease
A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle.
Arrhythmia
A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat. The heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern.
Heart Valve Problem
A condition that occurs when one or more heart valves do not function properly, causing shortness of breath and reducing oxygen supply to the body.
Heart Failure
A condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
Heart Attack
The action that occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked; medically known as a myocardial infraction.
Stroke
A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel.
Cholesterol
A waxy fat like substance found in bodily cells.
Risk Factor
Any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.
Homeostasis
The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium.
Mortality
A state or risk of death or dying.
Morbidity
The state of having a disease.
Socioeconomic Status
The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation.
Joint Stability
The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement.
Overweight
A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9.
Muscle Imbalance
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length - tension relationship.
Musculoskeletal System
The combined, inter working system of all muscles and bones in the body.
Deconditioned
A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalance, decreased flexibility, and lack of core and joint stability.
Evidenced-Based Practice
A practice that relies on evidence for guidance and decision-making and includes developing individual expertise, staying current on (all) the best sources of external evidence (i.e. peer-reviewed research), and prioritizing client values and experimentations.
Obesity
A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of 30 or greater.
Kinesiology
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.
