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Microbiology > Chapter 1: The History & Scope of Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The History & Scope of Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganisms

A

single-cells, small; not seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

Biofilm

A

usually stained; communities of microbes that come together and support each other (resistant to antibiotics)

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3
Q

Molecular Systematics

A

has aided in characterization; isolating DNA and comparing the 16S rRNA genes
- domain systems, eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Characteristics:
defined nucleus
linear DNA
membrane bound organelles

Examples:
protozoa
algae
fungi
plants
animals

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Characteristics:
no defined nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
cytoskeletal DNA

Examples:
bacteria
archaea

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6
Q

Organisms & Biological Entities Studied by Microbiologists Can Be…

A

cellular or acellular

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7
Q

Cellular Includes

A

fungi, protists, bacteria & archaea

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8
Q

Acellular Includes

A

viruses, viroids, virusoids & prions

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9
Q

Fungi Examples

A

yeasts & molds

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10
Q

Protists Examples

A

algae, protozoa & slime molds

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11
Q

Bacteria Example

A

Escherichia coli

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12
Q

Archaea Example

A

methanogens

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13
Q

Viruses Are Composed Of

A

ONLY protein & nucleic acid
(don’t host & don’t undergo change)

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14
Q

Viroids Are Composed Of

A

RNA

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15
Q

Virusoids Are Composed Of

A

RNA

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16
Q

Prions Are Composed Of

A

Protein

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17
Q

In 1665, Hooke Published What?

A

Micrographia

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18
Q

Between 1674 & 1676, Leeuwenhoek Discovered What?

A

animacules: small animals

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19
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

A
  • first person to observe & describe microorganisms accurately
  • microscope: 50-300x
  • observed bacteria/protozoa
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20
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

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21
Q

Francisco Redi (1626-1697)

A
  • disproved spontaneous generation for large animals
  • believed maggots on decaying matter came about from fly eggs
  • believed you needed something living to have life
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22
Q

John Needham (1713-1781)

A

Experiment: mutton broth in flasks (boiled then sealed)

Results: broth became cloudy and contained microorganisms

“Vital Force”

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23
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

A

Experiment: mutton broth in flasks (sealed then boiled)

Results: no growth of any microorganisms

Conclusion: air carries germs

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24
Q

Difference Between Needham & Spallanzani Spontaneous Generation Experiments & Why?

A

Needham- created organisms
Spallanzani- no organisms

Why?
sealing before boiling the flask killed any germs inside the flask, no chance for any spontaneous generation

To Create Microorganisms:
flask must be boiled and then sealed to trap air in with broth for there to be spontaneous generation

25
Q

Air ______ Life & Heating ______ Ability

A

supports
destroys

26
Q

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

A

Experiments:
- nutrients solution in flasks with curved necks (no dust allowed in)
- boiled; flasks exposed to air

27
Q

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

A
  • dust carries microorganisms
  • no dust, broths remained sterile (even if directly exposed to air)
  • also evidence for exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria
28
Q

Role of Microorganisms in Disease

A
  • not immediately obvious
  • establishing connection: development of techniques for studying microbes
  • led to immunology
29
Q

Immunology

A

study of host defenses

30
Q

Disease of Silkworms was Caused by a Fungus

A

Agostini Bassi (1773-1856)

31
Q

Great Potato Blight of Ireland Caused by a Fungus

A

M.J. Berkeley (ca. 1845)

32
Q

Smut & Rust Fungi- Cereal Crop Diseases

A

Heinrich de Bary (1853)

33
Q

Silkworm Disease Caused by a Protozoan

A

Louis Pasteur

34
Q

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

A
  • indirect evidence for microbial cause of disease
  • antiseptic surgical techniques
  • heat sterilization: phenol
    - prevent microorganisms- wounds
  • fewer postoperative infections
35
Q

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

A

established relationship between Bacillus anthracis & anthrax
- used criteria developed by Jacob Henle (1809-1895)
- injected healthy with material from sick
- sick spleen into culture
- spores into healthy mice (healthy mouse would get sick)
KOCH’S POSTULATES

36
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

necessary to prove a causal relationship between microorganism & disease
1. the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
2. the suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
3. the same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
4. the same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host

37
Q

Pure Culture

A

a culture with no other microorganisms (grows only species of microorganism)

38
Q

Of Koch’s Postulates, Which One of the Criteria may not be able to be Applied, Despite a Causative Relationship? (multiple examples)

A
  • may have a host that is not susceptible to said disease
  • pure culture of the virus can’t be grown outside of the host
  • mutations could happen when placed into new host
  • conditions in culture may inhibit growth
  • opportunistic pathogens- can compromise underlying conditions (doesn’t effect the majority of the population)
39
Q

Koch’s Work Led to Discovery or Development of…

A
  • agar (gelatin in fish)
  • petri dish
  • nutrient broth and nutrient agar
  • methods for isolating microorganisms
  • increased understanding of pathogens (immunological studies)
40
Q

Edward Jenner (~1798)

A
  • vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox
    (injecting small amounts into body will increase resistance
  • NOTE: preceded work establishing role of microorganisms in disease
    (once you had small-pox, you couldn’t get it again)
41
Q

Pasteur & Roux

A
  • incubation of cultures for long intervals
    • pathogens lost ability to cause disease
    • “attenuated”: reduced effectiveness, lost ability to cause disease
  • transfer into healthy host: no illness
    • protection against infection
42
Q

Pasteur & Coworkers

A
  • vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, & rabies
  • Institut Pasteur (Paris)
43
Q

Emil von Behring (1857-1917) & Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852-1931)

A
  • inactivated diphtheria toxin into rabbits
    • produced transferable “antitoxin”
  • developed antitoxins for diphtheria & tetanus
  • evidence for immunity from “soluble substances” in blood
    • humoral immunity
44
Q

Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916)

A
  • discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in the blood
    • evidence for cellular immunity
45
Q

Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) & Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931)

A
  • pioneered used of enrichment cultures, selective media
  • also studied soil microorganisms
  • discovered numerous interesting metabolic processes
    • e.g. N2 fixation, CO2 fixation
    • relationships among microorganisms
46
Q

Importance of Microorganisms

A
  • first living organisms on the planet
  • live everywhere life is possible
  • more numerous than any other kind of organisms
  • global ecosystem depends on their activities
  • influence human society in many ways
    (both a basic & applied science)
47
Q

Study of Basic Biology of Microorganisms

A

microbial morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology etc.

48
Q

Understanding Microorganisms has Improved the Understanding of…

A

other organisms
- gene expression, metabolic pathways etc.

49
Q

Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Medical Microbiology

A
  • identify causative pathogen
  • e.g West Nile Virus
50
Q

Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Immunology

A

response of host to pathogen

51
Q

Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Food & Dairy Microbiology

A

spoilage of food; transmission of disease

52
Q

Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Public Health Microbiology

A

control spread of disease

53
Q

Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Industrial Microbiology

A

use of microorganisms to produce things

54
Q

Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Agricultural Microbiology

A

impact of microorganisms on agriculture

55
Q

Challenges of Microbiology: Infectious Disease

A
  • new and old
  • spread
  • infectious agents and chronic disease
56
Q

Challenges of Microbiology: New & Improved Industrial Processes

A

degradation of pollutants

57
Q

Challenges of Microbiology: Microbial Diversity & Microbial Ecology

A

less than 1% of earth’s microbial population has been cultured

58
Q

Challenges of Microbiology: Biofilms

A

interactions

59
Q

Challenges of Microbiology: Others

A
  • genome analysis
  • microbes as model systems
  • assessment of implications of new discoveries and technologies

Microbiology (2 decks)

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