Chapter 1 The Evolution of Police Administration Flashcards

0
Q

BSO : terrorist group

A

Black September Organization

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1
Q

Laws quickly adopted in souther states following the Civil War to repress African Americans

A

Black Codes

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2
Q

Someone who smuggled illegal alcohol during prohibition; also referred to people who hid a flask in their boot or held one to their leg with a garter

A

Bootlegger

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3
Q

1919 police strike that killed the possibility of police unionization until the 1960’s

A

Boston Police Strike

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4
Q

Police-staffed blockades established by some cities during the Depression to turn immigrants away at the city limits who would be a drain on local government resources if allowed to enter

A

Bum blockades

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5
Q

Northerners who came to the South following the Civil War, so-called because their suitcases were cheaply made of second-hand carpet.

A

carpetbaggers

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6
Q

In 1967 government report calling for improvements across the criminal justice system

A

Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

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7
Q

The farm worker and later civil rights activist, who fought for better working conditions and pay for migrant pickers

A

Cesar Chavez

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8
Q

The styler of city government that began in Stanton, Virginia, in 1908

A

City Manager Movement

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9
Q

Federal law that invalidated the Jim Crow laws; Title 7 forbade discrimination by businesses and unions on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in hiring, promoting, and firing. Title 7 did not apply to state and local governments.

A

Civil Rights Act of 1964

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10
Q

Created in 1979 with the support of police associations, this private body accredits law enforcement agencies that meet its list of standards

A

(CALEA) Commission on Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies

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11
Q

In the early 1980’s policing philosophy that essentially provided custom-tailored police services to neighborhoods and business districts. Used interchangeably with problem-oriented policing (POP)

A

Community-oriented policing

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12
Q

(COPS) a federal grant program

A

Community-Oriented Policing Services

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13
Q

Bank robber killed in Chicago by FBI agents in 1934, marking the end of the lawless era.

A

John Dillinger

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14
Q

Term for dried -out prairie states, where good topsoil blew away; many immigrated from those states to seek a better life. Lots of Okies

A

Dustbowl

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15
Q

Law that amended Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to include state and local units of government

A

Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

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16
Q

Theory of policing that grew out of 1998 article by Larry Sherman, who argued that police practices should be based on the best evidence available.

A

Evidence-based policing (EBP)

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17
Q

Federal legislation in 1870 to combat Ku Klux Klan

A

Forces Act

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18
Q

Author who played a major role in the Cleveland Foundation Study.

A

Raymond Fosdick

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19
Q

Federal agency that provided assistance to African Americans after the Civil War

A

Freedmen’s Bureau

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20
Q

1890– the official date set by the federal government for the “closing of the frontier,” a key point in the transition from a rural to an urban society

A

Frontier closing

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21
Q

Persons in WW II who patrolled to make sure that during “black outs” no lights were showing that could assist enemy submarines in identifying targets if they shelled our coast. Also to prevent enemy submarines or aircraft from using lights to assist in their navigation. Police and civic groups shared this duty across the country.

A

Air Raid Wardens

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22
Q

U.s. President assassinated by frustrated patronage seeker; event gave momentum to passage of Pendleton Act

A

President Garfield

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23
Q

Brutal and widely seen 1979 attack on African Americans by KKK and American Nazi Party

A

Greensboro Massacre (N.C.)

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24
Q

U.S. President accused of “prostitution of the public service”

A

President Harrison

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25
Q

Established in 1973 HAPCOA provides training and other opportunities for its members

A

Hispanic American Police Command Officers Association

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26
Q

A Professional organization of Chiefs of international, federal, state, and local police agencies of all sizes

A

International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)

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27
Q

Organization founded in 1969, roots in organization date back to 1926

A

International Association of Police Women (IAPW)

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28
Q

Southern laws that repressed African Americans, enacted 1880-1960, followed the Black Codes

A

Jim Crow Laws

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29
Q

Part of the trilogy of research and experiments that rocked policing in the early 1970’s

A

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study

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30
Q

Distinguished leader in the Civil Rights movement, assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis

A

Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr

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31
Q

Organization founded as a social club in 1866, quickly turned to terrorizing African Americans

A

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

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32
Q

Committee that in 1894-1895 examined corruption in the New York Police Department

A

Lexow Committee

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33
Q

Initially was a severe beating, later synonymous with illegally hanging someone; initially meant rough justice. Derived from the name of Charles Lynch of Virginia. Led a group of people who took the law into their own hands to deal with criminals

A

Lynching

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34
Q

Also known as Political machine: a tightly controlled political party headed by a boss or small autocratic group whose purpose was to repeatedly win elections for personal gain, often through graft and corruption.

A

Machine politics

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35
Q

Individual convicted of the Oklahoma Cit bombing and murders, executed in 2001; he stated he wanted to get revenge for Ruby Ridge and Waco

A

Timothy McVeigh

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36
Q

Police theory that there is a war against crime and the police are front-line soldiers

A

Military model

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37
Q

Journalists and writers who exposed corruption and other abuses. President Theodore Roosevelt labeled Steffens, Sinclair and other writers who did this in a speech in 1906 as:

A

Muckrakers

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38
Q

Institution founded in 1934 by FBI to train state and local law enforcement officials.

A

National Academy (NA)

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39
Q

A government report on riots in 1968; also known as the Kerner /Commission after the groups Chair

A

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

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40
Q

Founded in 2002, an organization fostering leadership, fraternal enrichment , and advancement of Asian Commanders

A

National Association of American Asian Law Enforcement Commanders (NAAALEC)

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41
Q

Established to address the unique needs of women holding senior positions in law enforcement

A

National Association of Women Law Enforcement Executives (NAWLEE)

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42
Q

The first comprehensive national study of police. Conducted in 1929. Appointed by President Hoover to complete a comprehensive study of crime and policing in America’s history. Commonly known as the Wichersham Commission, taking the name of its chairman

A

National Commission on Law Observance and Law Enforcement

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43
Q

An on-line reference source for criminal justice students, scholars, practitioners, and the public

A

National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS)

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44
Q

Founded in 1976, NOBLE works toward the elimination of racism and bias with the law enforcement field

A

National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives

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45
Q

Also known as the Volstead Act, prohibition. National prohibition officially lasted from 1919 to 1933

A

National Prohibition Act

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46
Q

Chartered in 1940, The NSA, like other professional organizations provides education, training and information resources to its members

A

National Sheriffs Association

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47
Q

She was a WCTU activist who gained notoriety for “hatchitations,” ripping alcohol kegs open with her axe

A

Carry Nation

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48
Q

Term for immigrants from dust bowl states, many of them from Oklahoma

A

Okies

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49
Q

It was in the worse sense, rewarding voters for their loyalty rather than their ability; useful in appointing qualified supporter who can help politicians implement their polices. The use of government resource by politicians to reward loyal voters. Also called the spoils system

A

patronage

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50
Q

He was the driving force behind the London Metropolitan Police in 1829. The Parliament passed the Metropolitan Police Act with the strong support of this subject

A

Sir Robert Peel

51
Q

Federal legislation in 1883 establishing the U.S. Civil Service Commission and mandating that some federal employees pass a competitive examination and be appointed on the basis of merit

A

Pendleton Act

52
Q

Group / Organization formed to do research and public policy work of interest to the larger jurisdictions founding it. Was formed by the largest city, county and state agencies for the purpose of pursuing research and public policy work of particular interest to its members

A

Police Executive Research Forum (PERF, 1975)

53
Q

These operatives/terrorist hijacked four planes on Black Sunday in 1970.

A

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)

54
Q

Unrestricted by jurisdiction, these lawmen pursued bandits across jurisdictional lines and were aided by their employers records. A private detective agency that excelled at tracking down outlaws

A

Pinkerton National Detective Agency

55
Q

Book authored by O.W. Wilson, known for many decades as the “Bible” of police administration, reasserted professional model of policing

A

Police Administration

56
Q

A tightly controlled political party headed by a boss or small autocratic group whose purpose was to repeatedly win elections for personal gain, often through graft and corruption. Also known as machine politics

A

Political machine

57
Q

The process of acquiring and maintaining control over a government , including its policies, administration, and operations

A

Politics

58
Q

Organizations that played an important role in police professionalization. Was legislatively created to set minimum standards for selection and training of police officers

A

Peace Officers Standards and Training Commission (POST)

59
Q

to announce a belief. Public statements or declarations of faith. Around 1545 meant a learned occupation and 25 years later, its meaning was reduce to how a person habitually earned a living. In 1675 there was another shift, professing to be duly qualified to do a job

A

profession

60
Q

National prohibition officially lasted from 1919 to 1933. Ban of alcohol sells or possession

A

prohibition

61
Q

Part of the trilogy of research and experiments that rocked policing in the early 1970’s. Sought to determine what factors contribute to the success of criminal investigations, and just what it is that detectives do.

A

The Rand (Corporation) Criminal Investigation Study

62
Q

Used to divert as much food as possible to support service members fighting in WW II, national food rationing was instituted in the United States in 1942. Each person was issued a book of stamps that established the amounts of various types of foods he could have

A

Ration Books

63
Q

Reformers sought to free policing from political abuses and corruption; had two needs: arouse apathetic public and a conceptual model to drive it.

A

Reformation period

64
Q

Rules from the depression era, stating that before hiring, person had to live in a community six months or a year; intent was to protect jobs for local tax-paying residents

A

Residency requirements

65
Q

In 1992 Idaho standoff involving Weaver Family and a friend and federal agents; fatalities on both sides; Weavers were seen by far-right groups as martyrs to federal government

A

Ruby Ridge

66
Q

Former Tennessee slave, promoted founding African American townships in Kansas after the Civil War

A

Benjamin “Pap” Singleton

67
Q

Groups that hunted down fugitive slaves, administered impromptu punishments as they saw fit, and dispersed slave meetings; continued through the end of the Civil War

A

Slave Patrols

68
Q

In the 1920’s and 1930’s it was the gangster term for kidnappings

A

snatch racket

69
Q

Illegal bars during federal prohibition

A

Speakeasies

70
Q

The use of government resource by politicians to reward loyal voters. Also known as patronage

A

Spoils system

71
Q

An attempt to reshape how police resources were used by reducing specialization and enlarging the role of uniformed patrol officers. Part of the trilogy of research and experiments that rocked policing in the 1970’s

A

Team Policing

72
Q

In first half of the 19th century, ministers used their pulpits to denounce drinking, claiming that those who imbibed excessively were sinners who had lost their way with God. Thus creating this anti-alcohol movement in the late 19th century. church based

A

Temperance movement

73
Q

Term that describes African American officers in some southern communities who, until the early 1960’s only walked beats in African American business and entertainment districts; by custom, African American officers were often not allowed to arrest Caucasians because an “ugly incident” leading to rioting might occur

A

Unequal badge

74
Q

Treasury agents under Elliot Ness assigned to Chicago who could not be corrupted

A

The Untouchables

75
Q

Small household gardens planted during WW II for personal consumption so more food could be used in the war effort

A

Victory Gardens

76
Q

Father of Modern Law Enforcement. Berkeley Police Departmenet

A

August (Gus) Vollmer

77
Q

Also known as the National Prohibition Act, it was the legal means of enforcing the 18th Amendment to the Constitution. Prohibition

A

Volstead Act

78
Q

Texas city where in 1993 there was a 51 day federal siege of the Branch Davidian Compound led by David Koresh; ended with federal fatalities and perhaps 75 or more Branch Davidian deaths: Federal authorities were sharply criticized, but no wrongdoing was found

A

Waco

79
Q

Petty burglary that ultimately led to President Nixon’s resignation

A

Watergate Scandal

80
Q

The man who committed the first mass murders on a college campus at the University of Texas in 1966

A

Charles Whitman

81
Q

National Commission on Law Observance and Law Enforcement (1929). Commission appointed by President Hoover . Was first comprehensive study of crime and policing in America’s history. Commission was called this after its chairman

A

Wickersham Commission

82
Q

Chief of several jurisdictions; studied under August Gus Vollmer; his Police Administration book has been regarded as the “Bible” of police administration for decades

A

O.W. Wilson

83
Q

ZTP was based on the premise that when small infractions of the law are ignored it creates a climate conducive to more serious crimes being committed. The extension of this thinking was ZTP, which required non-discretionary enforcement for all crimes

A

Zero Tolerance Policing

84
Q

The degree to which any society achieves some amount of public order through police action depends in part on:

A

The price that society is willing to pay to obtain it.

85
Q

Roughly since 1920, much of the serious work on professions has centered on specifying what criteria must be met to constitute a profession. The result is not a single definition but rather a collection of similar definitions that usually approximately the following: (7)

A
  1. An organized body of theoretically grounded knowledge
  2. advanced study
  3. a code of ethics
  4. prestige
  5. standards of admission
  6. a professional association
  7. a service ideal, which may also be stated alternatively as altruism.
86
Q

woman entered law enforcement in the 1950’s: Often their opportunities were limited to working with (1)_____ and (2)_____, and other out of the mainstream jobs.

A
  1. juvenile delinquents

2. the shoplifting detail

87
Q

What were the three major experiments in the 1970’s that rocked policing?

A
  1. the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
  2. the Rand Criminal Investigation Study
  3. the team policing experiments
88
Q

The Kansas City experiment was conducted within 15 beats within a 32 square mile area with a resident population of 148,395. The beats were designated as (1)_____, (2)_____ and (3)______.

A
  1. reactive
  2. proactive and
  3. control
89
Q

Which major experiment attempted to determine if routine patrol using conspicuously marked vehicles had any measurable impact on crime or the public’s sense of security?

A

The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

90
Q

CALEA accreditation offers significant advantages. What are those advantages

A
  1. It can be important part of the economic development program for a jurisdiction because employers seeking to relocate their business from one city to another always consider the quality of government
  2. Liability insurance costs can be reduced
  3. Community pride and confidence in the agency is stimulated
  4. The comprehensive written directive system provides greater accountability
91
Q

This in terms of employees and expenditures, is the nation’s primary protective service.

A

Private Security

92
Q

Often, private security does a substantial portion of investigations before contacting the police especially in areas of: (4)

A
  1. Credit card fraud
  2. embezzlement fraud
  3. computer hacking
  4. information theft
  5. Fraud
93
Q

Perhaps the most frequent type of cooperation by security is providing the police with:

A

videotapes of crimes recorded on the seemingly ubiquitous surveillance cameras.

94
Q

One of the little recognized effects of private security is that increasingly over the past several years, private security:

A

has raided police agencies, taking away highly trained and experienced personnel

95
Q

The single most important development in personal identification since fingerprints is:

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Typing

96
Q

This is the unlawful use, or threatened use, of violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or its territories without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.

A

Domestic Terrorism

97
Q

Osama Bin Laden has issued these calling it the “religious duty” of all muslims to kill American civilians-men, women and children-and military members and to acquire weapons of mass destruction, which include chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons.

A

Fatwah (ruling by Muslim clerics)

98
Q

Radical Muslims hate the United States because: (4)

A
  1. The U.S. presence in Arab countries violates the holy land.
  2. The United States supports “infidel” regimes and is one such regime
  3. The U.S. intention to plunder the riches of Arab countries.
  4. The U.S. arrest, conviction, and imprisonment of those who plan, coordinate, and execute attacks agains America
99
Q

September 11, 2001 (Two key responses to these attacks were the:)

A
  1. passage of the USA Patriot Act in October 2001

2. in 2002 Congressional legislation creating the Department of Homeland Security

100
Q

Several weaknesses were identified in counterterrorism efforts led by the FBI, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Agency. They were: (3)

A
  1. communication problems among agencies
  2. a shortage of linguists
  3. a failure by these agencies to correctly analyze relevant intelligence information to potential terrorist threats.
101
Q

The most substantial part of the Patriot Act is that it expanded all four traditional tools of surveillance used by law enforcement with significantly reduced checks and balances; what are the four traditional tools of surveillance effected?

A
  1. wiretaps
  2. search warrants
  3. pen / trap and trace orders
  4. court orders and subpoenas
102
Q

This is from the Latin pro (forth) and fateri (confess); at its earliest, it meant the public declaration of faith. It has come to mean a learned calling in which a person earns his or her living.

A

Profession

103
Q

What is possibly the worst piece of legislation ever enacted because it was never workable and because it produced such negative unintended consequences?

A

The Federal Volstead Act of 1919

104
Q

In 1960, Merton reduced the values that make up a profession to :(3)

A
  1. knowing (systematic knowledge)
  2. doing (technical skill and trained capacity)
  3. helping (the joining of knowing and doing)
105
Q

Starting in 1931, the National Commission on Law Observance and Law Enforcement, popularly named after its chairman the Wickersham Commission, presented a number of reforms for the police. Central to the commission’s recommendations were provisions for: (2)

A
  1. Civil service classification for police

2. Enhanced support for education and training

106
Q

The highly centralized military analogy model that became widely adopted and remains today as the dominant force of police organization is technically a bureaucratic structure that has been subjected to a number of criticisms. At the time of its adoption in American policing, it may have been an essential part of promoting police professionalism. For whatever its weaknesses, it brought with it an emphasis on: (6)

A
  1. Discipline
  2. Inspections
  3. Improved record keeping
  4. Supervision
  5. Close-order drill
  6. Improved accountability
107
Q

Education (of police Officers) was seen as a means by which to: (5)

A
  1. improve community relations
  2. to reduce police use of violence
  3. to promote more judicious use of police discretionary powers
  4. to counter the problem of corruption
  5. to accurately define the role of police in society
108
Q

over the past several decades, some important themes have dominated law enforcement in this country. According to Police Administration, what are the important themes that have dominated?

A
  1. the rise of community policing
  2. the growth of private security
  3. substantial advances in investigation technology
  4. terrorism
109
Q

In the aftermath of September 11, several studies were conducted to assess shortcomings that may exist in the nation’s ability to collect and analyze important intelligence information on terrorist groups. Several of the issues identified as potential problems existing within the U.S. intelligence community included: )5)

A
  1. A failure to place an emphasis on traditional human intelligence gathering and analysis
  2. a failure to provide timely, accurate, and specific intelligence information to law enforcement agencies and U.S. policymakers
  3. An overly bureaucratic and decentralized structure that hindered counterterrorism efforts and the efficient use of intelligence information
  4. Outdated and obsolete computer systems that were not compatible with other systems and were unable to provide accurate and timely sharing critical information nationally
  5. Overly restrictive guidelines and laws that hindered the effectiveness of informants and the general collection of intelligence information
110
Q

The USA Patriot Act (Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) changed over 15 different statutes with little or no external review. The law not only addressed terrorism and intelligence issues but also focused on: (4)

A
  1. more traditional money laundering
  2. computer abuse and crime
  3. immigration processes
  4. fraud
111
Q

This a concept which gained currency around the turn of the 20th century; the police were seen as the first line of defense in the war against crime. It is also associated with the use of staffs to help run departments professionally.

A

Military Model

112
Q

This as used in this country in public administration, it refers to the period of roughly 1900-1926 when a great deal of emphasis was put on improving government. The conceptual cornerstone of the movement was the separation of politics (in the worst sense) and administration

A

Reformation Period

113
Q

What service was formed in 1972 to archive and disseminate the rapidly growing body of criminal justice knowledge being generated by research?

A

The National Criminal Justice Reference Service

114
Q

What organization was incorporated in 1977 as a national organization of progressive police executives from larger city, county, and state law enforcement organizations?

A

The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)

115
Q

What is NOBLE?

A

National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, founded in 1976 at a three-day symposium on crime in low income areas.

116
Q

During 1965, tensions escalated in what city when a police officer stopped a minority for drunk driving

A

Los Angeles

117
Q

When was the pivotal period in which the image of police began to shed their tarnished image?

A

1930’s

118
Q

Team policing altered traditional methods of policing in the U.S. and what other country?

A

Great Britain

119
Q

In What country was DNA first used in a criminal case?

A

England

120
Q

In 1972, ______ was formed to archive and disseminate knowledge generated by research.

A

National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS)

121
Q

_______ is the exercise of power.

A

Politics

122
Q

The Teapot Dome Scandal stained the ________ administration.

A

Harding Administration

123
Q

What Amendment prohibits the sale, transportation etc. of alcohol?

A

18th Amendement

124
Q

The ______ Amendment abolished prohibition in 1933

A

21st Amendment (the 18th Amendment prohibited Liquor