Chapter 1 The Evolution of Police Administration Flashcards
0
Q
BSO : terrorist group
A
Black September Organization
1
Q
Laws quickly adopted in souther states following the Civil War to repress African Americans
A
Black Codes
2
Q
Someone who smuggled illegal alcohol during prohibition; also referred to people who hid a flask in their boot or held one to their leg with a garter
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Bootlegger
3
Q
1919 police strike that killed the possibility of police unionization until the 1960’s
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Boston Police Strike
4
Q
Police-staffed blockades established by some cities during the Depression to turn immigrants away at the city limits who would be a drain on local government resources if allowed to enter
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Bum blockades
5
Q
Northerners who came to the South following the Civil War, so-called because their suitcases were cheaply made of second-hand carpet.
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carpetbaggers
6
Q
In 1967 government report calling for improvements across the criminal justice system
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Challenge of Crime in a Free Society
7
Q
The farm worker and later civil rights activist, who fought for better working conditions and pay for migrant pickers
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Cesar Chavez
8
Q
The styler of city government that began in Stanton, Virginia, in 1908
A
City Manager Movement
9
Q
Federal law that invalidated the Jim Crow laws; Title 7 forbade discrimination by businesses and unions on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in hiring, promoting, and firing. Title 7 did not apply to state and local governments.
A
Civil Rights Act of 1964
10
Q
Created in 1979 with the support of police associations, this private body accredits law enforcement agencies that meet its list of standards
A
(CALEA) Commission on Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies
11
Q
In the early 1980’s policing philosophy that essentially provided custom-tailored police services to neighborhoods and business districts. Used interchangeably with problem-oriented policing (POP)
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Community-oriented policing
12
Q
(COPS) a federal grant program
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Community-Oriented Policing Services
13
Q
Bank robber killed in Chicago by FBI agents in 1934, marking the end of the lawless era.
A
John Dillinger
14
Q
Term for dried -out prairie states, where good topsoil blew away; many immigrated from those states to seek a better life. Lots of Okies
A
Dustbowl
15
Q
Law that amended Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to include state and local units of government
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Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
16
Q
Theory of policing that grew out of 1998 article by Larry Sherman, who argued that police practices should be based on the best evidence available.
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Evidence-based policing (EBP)
17
Q
Federal legislation in 1870 to combat Ku Klux Klan
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Forces Act
18
Q
Author who played a major role in the Cleveland Foundation Study.
A
Raymond Fosdick
19
Q
Federal agency that provided assistance to African Americans after the Civil War
A
Freedmen’s Bureau
20
Q
1890– the official date set by the federal government for the “closing of the frontier,” a key point in the transition from a rural to an urban society
A
Frontier closing
21
Q
Persons in WW II who patrolled to make sure that during “black outs” no lights were showing that could assist enemy submarines in identifying targets if they shelled our coast. Also to prevent enemy submarines or aircraft from using lights to assist in their navigation. Police and civic groups shared this duty across the country.
A
Air Raid Wardens
22
Q
U.s. President assassinated by frustrated patronage seeker; event gave momentum to passage of Pendleton Act
A
President Garfield
23
Q
Brutal and widely seen 1979 attack on African Americans by KKK and American Nazi Party
A
Greensboro Massacre (N.C.)
24
U.S. President accused of "prostitution of the public service"
President Harrison
25
Established in 1973 HAPCOA provides training and other opportunities for its members
Hispanic American Police Command Officers Association
26
A Professional organization of Chiefs of international, federal, state, and local police agencies of all sizes
International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
27
Organization founded in 1969, roots in organization date back to 1926
International Association of Police Women (IAPW)
28
Southern laws that repressed African Americans, enacted 1880-1960, followed the Black Codes
Jim Crow Laws
29
Part of the trilogy of research and experiments that rocked policing in the early 1970's
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study
30
Distinguished leader in the Civil Rights movement, assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr
31
Organization founded as a social club in 1866, quickly turned to terrorizing African Americans
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
32
Committee that in 1894-1895 examined corruption in the New York Police Department
Lexow Committee
33
Initially was a severe beating, later synonymous with illegally hanging someone; initially meant rough justice. Derived from the name of Charles Lynch of Virginia. Led a group of people who took the law into their own hands to deal with criminals
Lynching
34
Also known as Political machine: a tightly controlled political party headed by a boss or small autocratic group whose purpose was to repeatedly win elections for personal gain, often through graft and corruption.
Machine politics
35
Individual convicted of the Oklahoma Cit bombing and murders, executed in 2001; he stated he wanted to get revenge for Ruby Ridge and Waco
Timothy McVeigh
36
Police theory that there is a war against crime and the police are front-line soldiers
Military model
37
Journalists and writers who exposed corruption and other abuses. President Theodore Roosevelt labeled Steffens, Sinclair and other writers who did this in a speech in 1906 as:
Muckrakers
38
Institution founded in 1934 by FBI to train state and local law enforcement officials.
National Academy (NA)
39
A government report on riots in 1968; also known as the Kerner /Commission after the groups Chair
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
40
Founded in 2002, an organization fostering leadership, fraternal enrichment , and advancement of Asian Commanders
National Association of American Asian Law Enforcement Commanders (NAAALEC)
41
Established to address the unique needs of women holding senior positions in law enforcement
National Association of Women Law Enforcement Executives (NAWLEE)
42
The first comprehensive national study of police. Conducted in 1929. Appointed by President Hoover to complete a comprehensive study of crime and policing in America's history. Commonly known as the Wichersham Commission, taking the name of its chairman
National Commission on Law Observance and Law Enforcement
43
An on-line reference source for criminal justice students, scholars, practitioners, and the public
National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS)
44
Founded in 1976, NOBLE works toward the elimination of racism and bias with the law enforcement field
National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives
45
Also known as the Volstead Act, prohibition. National prohibition officially lasted from 1919 to 1933
National Prohibition Act
46
Chartered in 1940, The NSA, like other professional organizations provides education, training and information resources to its members
National Sheriffs Association
47
She was a WCTU activist who gained notoriety for "hatchitations," ripping alcohol kegs open with her axe
Carry Nation
48
Term for immigrants from dust bowl states, many of them from Oklahoma
Okies
49
It was in the worse sense, rewarding voters for their loyalty rather than their ability; useful in appointing qualified supporter who can help politicians implement their polices. The use of government resource by politicians to reward loyal voters. Also called the spoils system
patronage
50
He was the driving force behind the London Metropolitan Police in 1829. The Parliament passed the Metropolitan Police Act with the strong support of this subject
Sir Robert Peel
51
Federal legislation in 1883 establishing the U.S. Civil Service Commission and mandating that some federal employees pass a competitive examination and be appointed on the basis of merit
Pendleton Act
52
Group / Organization formed to do research and public policy work of interest to the larger jurisdictions founding it. Was formed by the largest city, county and state agencies for the purpose of pursuing research and public policy work of particular interest to its members
Police Executive Research Forum (PERF, 1975)
53
These operatives/terrorist hijacked four planes on Black Sunday in 1970.
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
54
Unrestricted by jurisdiction, these lawmen pursued bandits across jurisdictional lines and were aided by their employers records. A private detective agency that excelled at tracking down outlaws
Pinkerton National Detective Agency
55
Book authored by O.W. Wilson, known for many decades as the "Bible" of police administration, reasserted professional model of policing
Police Administration
56
A tightly controlled political party headed by a boss or small autocratic group whose purpose was to repeatedly win elections for personal gain, often through graft and corruption. Also known as machine politics
Political machine
57
The process of acquiring and maintaining control over a government , including its policies, administration, and operations
Politics
58
Organizations that played an important role in police professionalization. Was legislatively created to set minimum standards for selection and training of police officers
Peace Officers Standards and Training Commission (POST)
59
to announce a belief. Public statements or declarations of faith. Around 1545 meant a learned occupation and 25 years later, its meaning was reduce to how a person habitually earned a living. In 1675 there was another shift, professing to be duly qualified to do a job
profession
60
National prohibition officially lasted from 1919 to 1933. Ban of alcohol sells or possession
prohibition
61
Part of the trilogy of research and experiments that rocked policing in the early 1970's. Sought to determine what factors contribute to the success of criminal investigations, and just what it is that detectives do.
The Rand (Corporation) Criminal Investigation Study
62
Used to divert as much food as possible to support service members fighting in WW II, national food rationing was instituted in the United States in 1942. Each person was issued a book of stamps that established the amounts of various types of foods he could have
Ration Books
63
Reformers sought to free policing from political abuses and corruption; had two needs: arouse apathetic public and a conceptual model to drive it.
Reformation period
64
Rules from the depression era, stating that before hiring, person had to live in a community six months or a year; intent was to protect jobs for local tax-paying residents
Residency requirements
65
In 1992 Idaho standoff involving Weaver Family and a friend and federal agents; fatalities on both sides; Weavers were seen by far-right groups as martyrs to federal government
Ruby Ridge
66
Former Tennessee slave, promoted founding African American townships in Kansas after the Civil War
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
67
Groups that hunted down fugitive slaves, administered impromptu punishments as they saw fit, and dispersed slave meetings; continued through the end of the Civil War
Slave Patrols
68
In the 1920's and 1930's it was the gangster term for kidnappings
snatch racket
69
Illegal bars during federal prohibition
Speakeasies
70
The use of government resource by politicians to reward loyal voters. Also known as patronage
Spoils system
71
An attempt to reshape how police resources were used by reducing specialization and enlarging the role of uniformed patrol officers. Part of the trilogy of research and experiments that rocked policing in the 1970's
Team Policing
72
In first half of the 19th century, ministers used their pulpits to denounce drinking, claiming that those who imbibed excessively were sinners who had lost their way with God. Thus creating this anti-alcohol movement in the late 19th century. church based
Temperance movement
73
Term that describes African American officers in some southern communities who, until the early 1960's only walked beats in African American business and entertainment districts; by custom, African American officers were often not allowed to arrest Caucasians because an "ugly incident" leading to rioting might occur
Unequal badge
74
Treasury agents under Elliot Ness assigned to Chicago who could not be corrupted
The Untouchables
75
Small household gardens planted during WW II for personal consumption so more food could be used in the war effort
Victory Gardens
76
Father of Modern Law Enforcement. Berkeley Police Departmenet
August (Gus) Vollmer
77
Also known as the National Prohibition Act, it was the legal means of enforcing the 18th Amendment to the Constitution. Prohibition
Volstead Act
78
Texas city where in 1993 there was a 51 day federal siege of the Branch Davidian Compound led by David Koresh; ended with federal fatalities and perhaps 75 or more Branch Davidian deaths: Federal authorities were sharply criticized, but no wrongdoing was found
Waco
79
Petty burglary that ultimately led to President Nixon's resignation
Watergate Scandal
80
The man who committed the first mass murders on a college campus at the University of Texas in 1966
Charles Whitman
81
National Commission on Law Observance and Law Enforcement (1929). Commission appointed by President Hoover . Was first comprehensive study of crime and policing in America's history. Commission was called this after its chairman
Wickersham Commission
82
Chief of several jurisdictions; studied under August Gus Vollmer; his Police Administration book has been regarded as the "Bible" of police administration for decades
O.W. Wilson
83
ZTP was based on the premise that when small infractions of the law are ignored it creates a climate conducive to more serious crimes being committed. The extension of this thinking was ZTP, which required non-discretionary enforcement for all crimes
Zero Tolerance Policing
84
The degree to which any society achieves some amount of public order through police action depends in part on:
The price that society is willing to pay to obtain it.
85
Roughly since 1920, much of the serious work on professions has centered on specifying what criteria must be met to constitute a profession. The result is not a single definition but rather a collection of similar definitions that usually approximately the following: (7)
1. An organized body of theoretically grounded knowledge
2. advanced study
3. a code of ethics
4. prestige
5. standards of admission
6. a professional association
7. a service ideal, which may also be stated alternatively as altruism.
86
woman entered law enforcement in the 1950's: Often their opportunities were limited to working with (1)_____ and (2)_____, and other out of the mainstream jobs.
1. juvenile delinquents
| 2. the shoplifting detail
87
What were the three major experiments in the 1970's that rocked policing?
1. the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
2. the Rand Criminal Investigation Study
3. the team policing experiments
88
The Kansas City experiment was conducted within 15 beats within a 32 square mile area with a resident population of 148,395. The beats were designated as (1)_____, (2)_____ and (3)______.
1. reactive
2. proactive and
3. control
89
Which major experiment attempted to determine if routine patrol using conspicuously marked vehicles had any measurable impact on crime or the public's sense of security?
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
90
CALEA accreditation offers significant advantages. What are those advantages
1. It can be important part of the economic development program for a jurisdiction because employers seeking to relocate their business from one city to another always consider the quality of government
2. Liability insurance costs can be reduced
3. Community pride and confidence in the agency is stimulated
4. The comprehensive written directive system provides greater accountability
91
This in terms of employees and expenditures, is the nation's primary protective service.
Private Security
92
Often, private security does a substantial portion of investigations before contacting the police especially in areas of: (4)
1. Credit card fraud
2. embezzlement fraud
3. computer hacking
4. information theft
5. Fraud
93
Perhaps the most frequent type of cooperation by security is providing the police with:
videotapes of crimes recorded on the seemingly ubiquitous surveillance cameras.
94
One of the little recognized effects of private security is that increasingly over the past several years, private security:
has raided police agencies, taking away highly trained and experienced personnel
95
The single most important development in personal identification since fingerprints is:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Typing
96
This is the unlawful use, or threatened use, of violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or its territories without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
Domestic Terrorism
97
Osama Bin Laden has issued these calling it the "religious duty" of all muslims to kill American civilians-men, women and children-and military members and to acquire weapons of mass destruction, which include chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons.
Fatwah (ruling by Muslim clerics)
98
Radical Muslims hate the United States because: (4)
1. The U.S. presence in Arab countries violates the holy land.
2. The United States supports "infidel" regimes and is one such regime
3. The U.S. intention to plunder the riches of Arab countries.
4. The U.S. arrest, conviction, and imprisonment of those who plan, coordinate, and execute attacks agains America
99
September 11, 2001 (Two key responses to these attacks were the:)
1. passage of the USA Patriot Act in October 2001
| 2. in 2002 Congressional legislation creating the Department of Homeland Security
100
Several weaknesses were identified in counterterrorism efforts led by the FBI, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Agency. They were: (3)
1. communication problems among agencies
2. a shortage of linguists
3. a failure by these agencies to correctly analyze relevant intelligence information to potential terrorist threats.
101
The most substantial part of the Patriot Act is that it expanded all four traditional tools of surveillance used by law enforcement with significantly reduced checks and balances; what are the four traditional tools of surveillance effected?
1. wiretaps
2. search warrants
3. pen / trap and trace orders
4. court orders and subpoenas
102
This is from the Latin pro (forth) and fateri (confess); at its earliest, it meant the public declaration of faith. It has come to mean a learned calling in which a person earns his or her living.
Profession
103
What is possibly the worst piece of legislation ever enacted because it was never workable and because it produced such negative unintended consequences?
The Federal Volstead Act of 1919
104
In 1960, Merton reduced the values that make up a profession to :(3)
1. knowing (systematic knowledge)
2. doing (technical skill and trained capacity)
3. helping (the joining of knowing and doing)
105
Starting in 1931, the National Commission on Law Observance and Law Enforcement, popularly named after its chairman the Wickersham Commission, presented a number of reforms for the police. Central to the commission's recommendations were provisions for: (2)
1. Civil service classification for police
| 2. Enhanced support for education and training
106
The highly centralized military analogy model that became widely adopted and remains today as the dominant force of police organization is technically a bureaucratic structure that has been subjected to a number of criticisms. At the time of its adoption in American policing, it may have been an essential part of promoting police professionalism. For whatever its weaknesses, it brought with it an emphasis on: (6)
1. Discipline
2. Inspections
3. Improved record keeping
4. Supervision
5. Close-order drill
6. Improved accountability
107
Education (of police Officers) was seen as a means by which to: (5)
1. improve community relations
2. to reduce police use of violence
3. to promote more judicious use of police discretionary powers
4. to counter the problem of corruption
5. to accurately define the role of police in society
108
over the past several decades, some important themes have dominated law enforcement in this country. According to Police Administration, what are the important themes that have dominated?
1. the rise of community policing
2. the growth of private security
3. substantial advances in investigation technology
4. terrorism
109
In the aftermath of September 11, several studies were conducted to assess shortcomings that may exist in the nation's ability to collect and analyze important intelligence information on terrorist groups. Several of the issues identified as potential problems existing within the U.S. intelligence community included: )5)
1. A failure to place an emphasis on traditional human intelligence gathering and analysis
2. a failure to provide timely, accurate, and specific intelligence information to law enforcement agencies and U.S. policymakers
3. An overly bureaucratic and decentralized structure that hindered counterterrorism efforts and the efficient use of intelligence information
4. Outdated and obsolete computer systems that were not compatible with other systems and were unable to provide accurate and timely sharing critical information nationally
5. Overly restrictive guidelines and laws that hindered the effectiveness of informants and the general collection of intelligence information
110
The USA Patriot Act (Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) changed over 15 different statutes with little or no external review. The law not only addressed terrorism and intelligence issues but also focused on: (4)
1. more traditional money laundering
2. computer abuse and crime
3. immigration processes
4. fraud
111
This a concept which gained currency around the turn of the 20th century; the police were seen as the first line of defense in the war against crime. It is also associated with the use of staffs to help run departments professionally.
Military Model
112
This as used in this country in public administration, it refers to the period of roughly 1900-1926 when a great deal of emphasis was put on improving government. The conceptual cornerstone of the movement was the separation of politics (in the worst sense) and administration
Reformation Period
113
What service was formed in 1972 to archive and disseminate the rapidly growing body of criminal justice knowledge being generated by research?
The National Criminal Justice Reference Service
114
What organization was incorporated in 1977 as a national organization of progressive police executives from larger city, county, and state law enforcement organizations?
The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)
115
What is NOBLE?
National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, founded in 1976 at a three-day symposium on crime in low income areas.
116
During 1965, tensions escalated in what city when a police officer stopped a minority for drunk driving
Los Angeles
117
When was the pivotal period in which the image of police began to shed their tarnished image?
1930's
118
Team policing altered traditional methods of policing in the U.S. and what other country?
Great Britain
119
In What country was DNA first used in a criminal case?
England
120
In 1972, ______ was formed to archive and disseminate knowledge generated by research.
National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS)
121
_______ is the exercise of power.
Politics
122
The Teapot Dome Scandal stained the ________ administration.
Harding Administration
123
What Amendment prohibits the sale, transportation etc. of alcohol?
18th Amendement
124
The ______ Amendment abolished prohibition in 1933
21st Amendment (the 18th Amendment prohibited Liquor
