Chapter 1 The Earth Flashcards
Eons are divided into…
Eras
Earth is the ___ planet away from the sun
3rd
Biosphere includes all forms of ___
Life (plants and animals)
Hydrosphere includes all forms of ___
Water (fresh and saltwater, snow and ice)
Crust makes up only ___ of earths total mass
.5%
Crust floats on top of…
Mantle
Most of earths mass is in the…
Mantle
Outer core is so hot it is…
Molten
When two oceanic plates converge, they create…
An island arc, a curved chain of volcanic islands rising from the deal sea floor and near a continent.
When two continental plates COLLIDE, what is created? And how?
Mountain ranges, and by the colliding crust being compressed and pushed upwards.
Focus definition
Area where the energy is released during an earthquake
Epicenter
Directly above the focus, on Earths surface, is the epicenter
The strength of an earthquake is measured by the…
Logarithmic Richter scale
An earthquake is recorded on a…
Seismograph
P waves
Travel through Earth and are caused by expansion and contraction of bedrocks
S waves
Produced when materials move either vertically or horizontally and travel only within the uppermost layers of Earth
Surface waves
Cause ground motion and damage, produce rolling and swaying motion and are slower than P or S waves
When does an eruption occur for a volcano?
When pressure within a magma chamber forces molten magma up through a pipe and out a vent at the top of the volcano
Earth is closest to the sun during…
The northern hemisphere winter (December, January, and February)
Topography
Physical location where soil is formed
Soil horizons in order
- O HORIZON
- A HORIZON
- E HORIZON
- B HORIZON
- C HORIZON
- Bedrock
O horizon (surface litter)
Leaves and partially decomposed organic debris.
A horizon (topsoil)
Organic matter (humus), living organisms
E horizon (zone of leaching)
Dissolved and suspended materials move downward
Sheet erosion
Soil moves off as a horizontal layer
Salinization
Water that is not absorbed into the soil and evaporates leaving behind dissolved salts
Waterlogging
Saturation of soil with water
Metamorphic rocks
Formed by intense heat and pressure
Igneous
Formed by cooling and solidify deep underground
