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MOD 1 > chapter 1: The Cell > Flashcards

chapter 1: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

function of glycolipids and sphingomyelin on extracellular surface PM

A

cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions

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2
Q

proteins integrating into the PM

A

1) transmembrane proteins
2) proteins synthesized in cytosol and posttranslat attached to prenyl groups or FA that insert on cytosolic side PM
3) attachment to GPI anchors on EC face of membrane
4) peripheral membrane proteins noncovalently associate with true transmembrane proteins

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3
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

hydrophobic a-helical segment traverse lipid bilayer

positive charged aa in cytoplasmic tail, bindsd neg charged phospholipid heads

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4
Q

roles of long noncoding RNAs

A

1) enhance gene activation by facilitating txn fact binding
2) gene suppression by binding txn fact before binds DNA
3) histone and dna mods directed by them
4) scaffold to stabilize secondary or tertiary structures

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5
Q

focal adhesion complex

A

membrane proteins associate with extracellular and/or intracytoplasmic proteins to generate these stable complexes

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6
Q

glycocalyx

A

chemical and mechanical barrier

involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions

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7
Q

multidrug resistance protein pumps what kind of compounds out of cells
-what kind of transporter

A

polar

transporter ATPase

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8
Q

molecules for caveolae uptake

  • receptor
  • called what else
A 
small molecules
vitamin D
ECF
membrane proteins
-folate receptor
-potocytosis
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9
Q

clathrin coated pits molecules

A

large molecules

LDL

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10
Q

transcytosis

-example

A

movement of endocytosed vesicles btwn apical and basolateral compartments of cell
-IgA in mothers milk to intestinal cell of baby

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11
Q

lamin ABC

A

nuclear lamina of all cells

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12
Q

vimentin

A

intermediate filaments of mesenchymal cells

-fibroblasts, endothelium

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13
Q

desmin

A

IF muscle cells

-muscular dystrophy

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14
Q

neurofilaments

A

axons of neurons, strength and rigidity

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15
Q

glial fibrillary acidic protein

A

glial cells around neurons

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16
Q

cytokeratins

A

acidic (type 1)

basic (type 2)

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17
Q

microtubules

  • tubulin
  • growing
A

alpha and beta tubulin

(-) end and (+) growing end associated with MTOC or centrosome with associated paired centrioles

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18
Q

kinesins for ___ transport
dyneins for ___ transport
-what kind of structures

A

anterograde, retrograde

-microtubules

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19
Q

occluding junctions function

another name

A

disallow paracellular transport
tight junctions
-boundary to allow segregation of apical and BL domain of cells
-keeps cell polarity

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20
Q

transmembrane proteins of occluding junctions

A

occludin
claudin
zonulin
catenin

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21
Q

anchoring junctions also called

A

desmosomes

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22
Q

desmosome function

A

attach cells and intracell cytoskeleton to other cells or ECM

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23
Q

when adhesion focus between cells and is small and rivet like it is celled

A

spot desmosome or macula adherens

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24
Q

focuse that attaches cell to ECM

A

hemidesmosome

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25
Q

similar adhesion domains occur as broad bands between cells =

A

belt desmosomes

-E caderins

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26
Q

focal adhesion complexes

A

macromolecular complexes that can be localized at hemidesmosomes
-can generate intracellular signals when shear stress occurs such as in cardiac mycotes

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27
Q

repeated exposure to compounds metabolized by SER can lead to

A

reactive SER hyperplasia

-phenobarbital catabolism by cytochrome P-450

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28
Q

autophagy is marked by what

A

LC3 protein

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29
Q

heterophagy

A

lysosome fuse with endosome or phagosomes

-facilitate degradation of internalized contents

30
Q

autophagy encircling membrane

A

double membrane from the ER around intracellular organelles or denatured proteins

31
Q

rapidly growing cells upregulate glucose and glutamine uptake and decrease production of ATP per glucose molecule is called

A

warburg effect

-use intermediates to make lipids, NA, and proteins

32
Q

necrosis and mitochondria

A

cell injury that damages mitochondria
induce formation of mitochondrial perm transition pore on outer membrane
allow dissapation of proton potential so mitochondrial ATP gen fails and cell dies

33
Q

cell surface receptors effect

A

open ion channels
activate GTP binding reg protein
activate endogenous associated enzyme
trigger proteolytic event or change in protein binding or stability

34
Q

receptor tyrosine kinases

A

hepatic growth factor, EGF, PDGF, Insulin receptor

HEPI

35
Q

notch family receptor

A

embryonic and immune system

-ligand binds, cytosolic piece cleaved and translocates to nucleus

36
Q

wnt family

A

wnt binds to frizzled and recruits disheveled

  • leads to release of B-catenin bound to complex that usually degrades it
  • stable B-catenin to nucleus and forms txn complex
37
Q

epidermal growth factor function

A

mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts

-keratinocyte migration, stimulates formation of granulation tissue

38
Q

transforming growth factor alpha fnct

A

proliferation of hepatocytes

39
Q

hepatocyte growth factor fnct

A

enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells
-increases cell motility

40
Q

receptor for HGF and mutation

A

renal and thyroid papillary carcinomas

MET receptor

41
Q

VEGF fnct

A

proliferation of endothelial cells, increases vascular permeability

-

42
Q

antibodies against _____ for what cancers since they need angiogenesis to spread growth

A

VEGF

-renal and colon

43
Q

what factor is most potent inducer of VEGF

A

HIF-1

44
Q

increased VEGFR-1 in pregnant women

A

may cause preeclampsia

45
Q

PDGF

A

chemotatic for SM, fibroblasts, neutrophils, macrophages

46
Q

FGF

A

acidic and basic
chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts
-stimulates angiogensesis and ECM protein syn

47
Q

TGF-B induce phos of downstream txn factors called what and they do what

A

Smads and they complex with Smad4 and translocate to nucleus

48
Q

TGF-B has multiple and often opposing effects which is called

A

pleiotropic

49
Q

TGF-B stimulates production of what and inhibits what

A

production of collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans

-inhibits MMPs

50
Q

fnct of ECM

A

mechanical support
establishment microenvironment
scaffoliding for tissue renewel
control of cell proliferation

51
Q

ECM is in 2 basic forms

A

interstitial matrix

basement membrane

52
Q

interstitial matrix

A 
between cells in CT and parencyhmpal eptihelium
firbirallary  and nonfib collagnes
fibronectin
elastin
proteoglycans
hyaluronate
53
Q

basement membrane

A

highly organized intersitial matrix

Type IV collagen and laminin

54
Q

components of the ECM

A

fibrous structural proteins: collagen and elastin
adhesive glycoproteins: connect ecm-ecm and ecm-cell
water-hydrated gels: proteoglycans and hyaluronan

55
Q

non-fibrillar collagens

A

Type IV

56
Q

fibrillary collagens

A

ct structures
heal wounds and scars
covalen bonds from lysly oxidase dep on vit C

57
Q

proteoglycans and hyaluronan fnct

A

compressible gels that confer resistance to compress forces

reservers for GFs, secreted into ECM

58
Q

adhesive glycoproteins in ECM

A

fibronectin and laminin and integrins

59
Q

fibronectin

A

tissue and plasma forms

provide scaffolding in healing wounds

60
Q

laminin

A

most abundant glycoprotiein in BM

connects cells to underlying ECM

61
Q

integrins

A

connect cells to ECM through intracellular cytoskeleton

62
Q

inhibitors of cyclin D-CDK4/Cyclin D-CDK-6

-other name

A

P15,16,18,19

INK4 inhibitors

63
Q

inhibitors of all CDKS

A

P21,27,57

64
Q

stem cells are characterized by 2 important properties

A

self renewel

asymmetric division

65
Q

cyclin-cdks control transition from G1 to S how

A

by phosphorylating RB

66
Q

totipotent

A

limitless cell renewal, can give rise to every cell in body

67
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

can be all cells except XE

68
Q

multipotent

A

can become specific lineage commited cell

69
Q

tissue stem cells also called __ are kept in

A

adult stem cells

-kept in stem cell niches

70
Q

mesenchymal stem cells

A

multipotent cells that can differntiate into a variety of stromal cells including fat cells bone cells fat cells muscle cells

MOD 1 (6 decks)

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