chapter 1: The Cell Flashcards
function of glycolipids and sphingomyelin on extracellular surface PM
cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions
proteins integrating into the PM
1) transmembrane proteins
2) proteins synthesized in cytosol and posttranslat attached to prenyl groups or FA that insert on cytosolic side PM
3) attachment to GPI anchors on EC face of membrane
4) peripheral membrane proteins noncovalently associate with true transmembrane proteins
transmembrane proteins
hydrophobic a-helical segment traverse lipid bilayer
positive charged aa in cytoplasmic tail, bindsd neg charged phospholipid heads
roles of long noncoding RNAs
1) enhance gene activation by facilitating txn fact binding
2) gene suppression by binding txn fact before binds DNA
3) histone and dna mods directed by them
4) scaffold to stabilize secondary or tertiary structures
focal adhesion complex
membrane proteins associate with extracellular and/or intracytoplasmic proteins to generate these stable complexes
glycocalyx
chemical and mechanical barrier
involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions
multidrug resistance protein pumps what kind of compounds out of cells
-what kind of transporter
polar
transporter ATPase
molecules for caveolae uptake
- receptor
- called what else
small molecules vitamin D ECF membrane proteins -folate receptor -potocytosis
clathrin coated pits molecules
large molecules
LDL
transcytosis
-example
movement of endocytosed vesicles btwn apical and basolateral compartments of cell
-IgA in mothers milk to intestinal cell of baby
lamin ABC
nuclear lamina of all cells
vimentin
intermediate filaments of mesenchymal cells
-fibroblasts, endothelium
desmin
IF muscle cells
-muscular dystrophy
neurofilaments
axons of neurons, strength and rigidity
glial fibrillary acidic protein
glial cells around neurons
cytokeratins
acidic (type 1)
basic (type 2)
microtubules
- tubulin
- growing
alpha and beta tubulin
(-) end and (+) growing end associated with MTOC or centrosome with associated paired centrioles
kinesins for ___ transport
dyneins for ___ transport
-what kind of structures
anterograde, retrograde
-microtubules
occluding junctions function
another name
disallow paracellular transport
tight junctions
-boundary to allow segregation of apical and BL domain of cells
-keeps cell polarity
transmembrane proteins of occluding junctions
occludin
claudin
zonulin
catenin
anchoring junctions also called
desmosomes
desmosome function
attach cells and intracell cytoskeleton to other cells or ECM
when adhesion focus between cells and is small and rivet like it is celled
spot desmosome or macula adherens
focuse that attaches cell to ECM
hemidesmosome
similar adhesion domains occur as broad bands between cells =
belt desmosomes
-E caderins
focal adhesion complexes
macromolecular complexes that can be localized at hemidesmosomes
-can generate intracellular signals when shear stress occurs such as in cardiac mycotes
repeated exposure to compounds metabolized by SER can lead to
reactive SER hyperplasia
-phenobarbital catabolism by cytochrome P-450
autophagy is marked by what
LC3 protein
heterophagy
lysosome fuse with endosome or phagosomes
-facilitate degradation of internalized contents
autophagy encircling membrane
double membrane from the ER around intracellular organelles or denatured proteins
rapidly growing cells upregulate glucose and glutamine uptake and decrease production of ATP per glucose molecule is called
warburg effect
-use intermediates to make lipids, NA, and proteins
necrosis and mitochondria
cell injury that damages mitochondria
induce formation of mitochondrial perm transition pore on outer membrane
allow dissapation of proton potential so mitochondrial ATP gen fails and cell dies
cell surface receptors effect
open ion channels
activate GTP binding reg protein
activate endogenous associated enzyme
trigger proteolytic event or change in protein binding or stability
receptor tyrosine kinases
hepatic growth factor, EGF, PDGF, Insulin receptor
HEPI
notch family receptor
embryonic and immune system
-ligand binds, cytosolic piece cleaved and translocates to nucleus
wnt family
wnt binds to frizzled and recruits disheveled
- leads to release of B-catenin bound to complex that usually degrades it
- stable B-catenin to nucleus and forms txn complex
epidermal growth factor function
mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts
-keratinocyte migration, stimulates formation of granulation tissue
transforming growth factor alpha fnct
proliferation of hepatocytes
hepatocyte growth factor fnct
enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells
-increases cell motility
receptor for HGF and mutation
renal and thyroid papillary carcinomas
MET receptor
VEGF fnct
proliferation of endothelial cells, increases vascular permeability
-
antibodies against _____ for what cancers since they need angiogenesis to spread growth
VEGF
-renal and colon
what factor is most potent inducer of VEGF
HIF-1
increased VEGFR-1 in pregnant women
may cause preeclampsia
PDGF
chemotatic for SM, fibroblasts, neutrophils, macrophages
FGF
acidic and basic
chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts
-stimulates angiogensesis and ECM protein syn
TGF-B induce phos of downstream txn factors called what and they do what
Smads and they complex with Smad4 and translocate to nucleus
TGF-B has multiple and often opposing effects which is called
pleiotropic
TGF-B stimulates production of what and inhibits what
production of collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans
-inhibits MMPs
fnct of ECM
mechanical support
establishment microenvironment
scaffoliding for tissue renewel
control of cell proliferation
ECM is in 2 basic forms
interstitial matrix
basement membrane
interstitial matrix
between cells in CT and parencyhmpal eptihelium firbirallary and nonfib collagnes fibronectin elastin proteoglycans hyaluronate
basement membrane
highly organized intersitial matrix
Type IV collagen and laminin
components of the ECM
fibrous structural proteins: collagen and elastin
adhesive glycoproteins: connect ecm-ecm and ecm-cell
water-hydrated gels: proteoglycans and hyaluronan
non-fibrillar collagens
Type IV
fibrillary collagens
ct structures
heal wounds and scars
covalen bonds from lysly oxidase dep on vit C
proteoglycans and hyaluronan fnct
compressible gels that confer resistance to compress forces
reservers for GFs, secreted into ECM
adhesive glycoproteins in ECM
fibronectin and laminin and integrins
fibronectin
tissue and plasma forms
provide scaffolding in healing wounds
laminin
most abundant glycoprotiein in BM
connects cells to underlying ECM
integrins
connect cells to ECM through intracellular cytoskeleton
inhibitors of cyclin D-CDK4/Cyclin D-CDK-6
-other name
P15,16,18,19
INK4 inhibitors
inhibitors of all CDKS
P21,27,57
stem cells are characterized by 2 important properties
self renewel
asymmetric division
cyclin-cdks control transition from G1 to S how
by phosphorylating RB
totipotent
limitless cell renewal, can give rise to every cell in body
pluripotent stem cells
can be all cells except XE
multipotent
can become specific lineage commited cell
tissue stem cells also called __ are kept in
adult stem cells
-kept in stem cell niches
mesenchymal stem cells
multipotent cells that can differntiate into a variety of stromal cells including fat cells bone cells fat cells muscle cells
