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MOD 1 > chapter 1: The Cell > Flashcards

chapter 1: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

function of glycolipids and sphingomyelin on extracellular surface PM

A

cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions

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2
Q

proteins integrating into the PM

A

1) transmembrane proteins
2) proteins synthesized in cytosol and posttranslat attached to prenyl groups or FA that insert on cytosolic side PM
3) attachment to GPI anchors on EC face of membrane
4) peripheral membrane proteins noncovalently associate with true transmembrane proteins

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3
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

hydrophobic a-helical segment traverse lipid bilayer

positive charged aa in cytoplasmic tail, bindsd neg charged phospholipid heads

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4
Q

roles of long noncoding RNAs

A

1) enhance gene activation by facilitating txn fact binding
2) gene suppression by binding txn fact before binds DNA
3) histone and dna mods directed by them
4) scaffold to stabilize secondary or tertiary structures

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5
Q

focal adhesion complex

A

membrane proteins associate with extracellular and/or intracytoplasmic proteins to generate these stable complexes

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6
Q

glycocalyx

A

chemical and mechanical barrier

involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions

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7
Q

multidrug resistance protein pumps what kind of compounds out of cells
-what kind of transporter

A

polar

transporter ATPase

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8
Q

molecules for caveolae uptake

  • receptor
  • called what else
A 
small molecules
vitamin D
ECF
membrane proteins
-folate receptor
-potocytosis
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9
Q

clathrin coated pits molecules

A

large molecules

LDL

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10
Q

transcytosis

-example

A

movement of endocytosed vesicles btwn apical and basolateral compartments of cell
-IgA in mothers milk to intestinal cell of baby

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11
Q

lamin ABC

A

nuclear lamina of all cells

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12
Q

vimentin

A

intermediate filaments of mesenchymal cells

-fibroblasts, endothelium

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13
Q

desmin

A

IF muscle cells

-muscular dystrophy

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14
Q

neurofilaments

A

axons of neurons, strength and rigidity

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15
Q

glial fibrillary acidic protein

A

glial cells around neurons

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16
Q

cytokeratins

A

acidic (type 1)

basic (type 2)

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17
Q

microtubules

  • tubulin
  • growing
A

alpha and beta tubulin

(-) end and (+) growing end associated with MTOC or centrosome with associated paired centrioles

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18
Q

kinesins for ___ transport
dyneins for ___ transport
-what kind of structures

A

anterograde, retrograde

-microtubules

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19
Q

occluding junctions function

another name

A

disallow paracellular transport
tight junctions
-boundary to allow segregation of apical and BL domain of cells
-keeps cell polarity

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20
Q

transmembrane proteins of occluding junctions

A

occludin
claudin
zonulin
catenin

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21
Q

anchoring junctions also called

A

desmosomes

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22
Q

desmosome function

A

attach cells and intracell cytoskeleton to other cells or ECM

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23
Q

when adhesion focus between cells and is small and rivet like it is celled

A

spot desmosome or macula adherens

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24
Q

focuse that attaches cell to ECM

A

hemidesmosome

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25
similar adhesion domains occur as broad bands between cells =
belt desmosomes | -E caderins
26
focal adhesion complexes
macromolecular complexes that can be localized at hemidesmosomes -can generate intracellular signals when shear stress occurs such as in cardiac mycotes
27
repeated exposure to compounds metabolized by SER can lead to
reactive SER hyperplasia | -phenobarbital catabolism by cytochrome P-450
28
autophagy is marked by what
LC3 protein
29
heterophagy
lysosome fuse with endosome or phagosomes | -facilitate degradation of internalized contents
30
autophagy encircling membrane
double membrane from the ER around intracellular organelles or denatured proteins
31
rapidly growing cells upregulate glucose and glutamine uptake and decrease production of ATP per glucose molecule is called
warburg effect | -use intermediates to make lipids, NA, and proteins
32
necrosis and mitochondria
cell injury that damages mitochondria induce formation of mitochondrial perm transition pore on outer membrane allow dissapation of proton potential so mitochondrial ATP gen fails and cell dies
33
cell surface receptors effect
open ion channels activate GTP binding reg protein activate endogenous associated enzyme trigger proteolytic event or change in protein binding or stability
34
receptor tyrosine kinases
hepatic growth factor, EGF, PDGF, Insulin receptor | HEPI
35
notch family receptor
embryonic and immune system | -ligand binds, cytosolic piece cleaved and translocates to nucleus
36
wnt family
wnt binds to frizzled and recruits disheveled - leads to release of B-catenin bound to complex that usually degrades it - stable B-catenin to nucleus and forms txn complex
37
epidermal growth factor function
mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts | -keratinocyte migration, stimulates formation of granulation tissue
38
transforming growth factor alpha fnct
proliferation of hepatocytes
39
hepatocyte growth factor fnct
enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells -increases cell motility
40
receptor for HGF and mutation
renal and thyroid papillary carcinomas | MET receptor
41
VEGF fnct
proliferation of endothelial cells, increases vascular permeability -
42
antibodies against _____ for what cancers since they need angiogenesis to spread growth
VEGF | -renal and colon
43
what factor is most potent inducer of VEGF
HIF-1
44
increased VEGFR-1 in pregnant women
may cause preeclampsia
45
PDGF
chemotatic for SM, fibroblasts, neutrophils, macrophages
46
FGF
acidic and basic chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts -stimulates angiogensesis and ECM protein syn
47
TGF-B induce phos of downstream txn factors called what and they do what
Smads and they complex with Smad4 and translocate to nucleus
48
TGF-B has multiple and often opposing effects which is called
pleiotropic
49
TGF-B stimulates production of what and inhibits what
production of collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans | -inhibits MMPs
50
fnct of ECM
mechanical support establishment microenvironment scaffoliding for tissue renewel control of cell proliferation
51
ECM is in 2 basic forms
interstitial matrix | basement membrane
52
interstitial matrix
``` between cells in CT and parencyhmpal eptihelium firbirallary and nonfib collagnes fibronectin elastin proteoglycans hyaluronate ```
53
basement membrane
highly organized intersitial matrix | Type IV collagen and laminin
54
components of the ECM
fibrous structural proteins: collagen and elastin adhesive glycoproteins: connect ecm-ecm and ecm-cell water-hydrated gels: proteoglycans and hyaluronan
55
non-fibrillar collagens
Type IV
56
fibrillary collagens
ct structures heal wounds and scars covalen bonds from lysly oxidase dep on vit C
57
proteoglycans and hyaluronan fnct
compressible gels that confer resistance to compress forces reservers for GFs, secreted into ECM
58
adhesive glycoproteins in ECM
fibronectin and laminin and integrins
59
fibronectin
tissue and plasma forms | provide scaffolding in healing wounds
60
laminin
most abundant glycoprotiein in BM | connects cells to underlying ECM
61
integrins
connect cells to ECM through intracellular cytoskeleton
62
inhibitors of cyclin D-CDK4/Cyclin D-CDK-6 | -other name
P15,16,18,19 | INK4 inhibitors
63
inhibitors of all CDKS
P21,27,57
64
stem cells are characterized by 2 important properties
self renewel | asymmetric division
65
cyclin-cdks control transition from G1 to S how
by phosphorylating RB
66
totipotent
limitless cell renewal, can give rise to every cell in body
67
pluripotent stem cells
can be all cells except XE
68
multipotent
can become specific lineage commited cell
69
tissue stem cells also called __ are kept in
adult stem cells | -kept in stem cell niches
70
mesenchymal stem cells
multipotent cells that can differntiate into a variety of stromal cells including fat cells bone cells fat cells muscle cells

MOD 1 (6 decks)

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