Chapter 1 - The Causes Of Tudor Rebellions Flashcards
State the 5 rebellions in order from Henry VII’s reign
- 1486 - Lovell and Stafford
- 1486 -1487 - Simnel
- 1489 - Yorkshire
- 1491-97 - Warbeck
- 1497 - Cornish
State the 3 rebellions in order from Henry VIII’s reign
- 1525 - Amicable Grant
- 1534-1537 - Silken Thomas/Kildare
- 1536-1537 - Pilgrimage of Grace
State the 2 rebellions in Edward VI’s reign
- 1549 - Western
- 1549 - Kett
State the 2 rebellions in Mary I’s reign
- 1553 - Northumberland/Lady Jane Grey
- 1554 - Wyatt
State the 7 rebellions in Elizabeth I’s reign
- 1558-1567 - Shane O’Neill
- 1569-1570 - Northern Earls
- 1569-1573 - Munster
- 1579-1583 - Geraldine
- 1595-1603 - Tyrone
- 1596 - Oxfordshire
- 1601 - Essex
Political causes
What 4 strands does political causes divide into?
- Dynastic
- Factional
- Government centralisation
- Evil advisors
Dynastically politically caused
Which dynastically politically motivated rebellions were under Henry VII’s reign and how were they dynastic?
- Lovell and Stafford - by raising troops in 1486, Francis Viscount Lovell and Humphrey and Thomas Stafford attempted to kill Henry VIII to restore the Yorkist throne.
- Simnel - Lambert Simnel pretended to be the Earl of Warwick in order to have a claim to the throne, to overtake the throne and remove Henry.
- Warbeck - Perkin Warbeck pretended to be the Duke of York to have a claim to the throne and restore the Yorkist monarchy.
Which dynastically politically motivated rebellions were under Henry VIII’s reign and how were they dynastic?
- The Pilgrimage of Grace - nobles were not content with the disinheritance of Mary (due to Henry VIII’s divorce with Catherine of Aragon), as it meant the possibility of the throne going under the Scottish monarchy (as the throne may have been handed to Henry’s sister Margaret’s husband the Scottish king James IV).
Which 2 dynastically politically caused rebellions were there under Mary I’s reign?
- 1553 - Northumberland - in order to continue the Protestant monarch, the Duke of Northumberland attempted to ignore the line of succession (where Catholic Mary I was to succeed) and instead place Lady Jane Grey on the throne.
- 1554 - Wyatt - Wyatt’s rebels feared the Spanish influence over England through Mary’s marriage to Philip of Spain, as well as the possible exclusion of Elizabeth from the line of succession.
Which 2 dynastically politically caused rebellions were there during Elizabeth I’s reign?
- 1569-70 - northern earls - earls of Northumberland and west Moreland wanted to replace Elizabeth with mary queen of Scot’s, to restore the catholic monarch.
- 1601 - essex - wanted elizabeth to dismiss her advisors and replace them with councillors who were ‘sympathetic to the prospect of a Scottish monarch’, as James VI of Scotland was likely to be heir presumptive.
Throughout the Tudor period what can we conclude from political dynastic/successional causes of rebellions?
Start of period = Henry VII’s rebellions are more dynastic (to remove the Lancastrian Tudors)
TURNING POINT = after the dissolution of monasteries, rebellions are more successionally caused, in order to change religion.
Factionally caused rebellions
Which 3 factionally caused rebellions were there Henry VII’s reign?
- 1486 - Lovell and Stafford - leaders were Yorkists and wanted to restore the Yorkist throne
- 1486-87 - Simnel - a Yorkist pretender who claimed to be the earl of Warwick, as he was part of the Yorkist faction who opposed the Lancastrian crown
- 1491-97 - warbeck - Yorkist attempt to replace Henry VII with pretender warbeck who claimed to be prince Richard.
Which 2 factionally caused rebellions were there in Henry VIII’s reign?
- 1525 - Amicable Grant - regional factional opposition in Suffolk and essex against Cardinal Wosely, who introduced the tax to fund the wars in France.
- 1536 - 1537 - POG - Aragonese faction wanted to regain influence and remove Henry VIII’s Chief Minister Thomas Cromwell, because of his role in the break from Rome.
Why weren’t there any factionally caused rebellions under Edward IV’s reign?
As he was young, the monarch was dominated by his uncles: the Dukes of Somerset and Northumberland. This meant that there were court factionally rivalries, but not public risings across England, as it was the rivalry between only 2 nobles.
Which 2 factionally caused rebellions were there in Mary I’s reign?
- 1553 - Northumberland - placing LJG on the throne to continue to power of Northumberland’s faction (as Mary would have removed Northumberland due to his Protestant faith).
- 1554 - Wyatt - Wyatt’s faction feared that they’d lose political influence to the Spanish if Mary was to marry Philip of Spain.
What 2 factionally caused rebellions were there under Elizabeth I’s reign?
- 1569-70 - the northern rising - Northumberland and Westmoreland’s supporters opposed Cecil’s increasing dominance in court, which meant their faction were losing influence.
- 1601 - essex - Essex resented Cecil’s increasing power and influence at court, as he had been previously excluded from court.
What conclusions can be drawn about factionally caused rebellions over the period?
In Henry VII’s reign, the political factions are centred around the Yorkist opposition, whilst after the dissolution of monasteries, factions are often created around religious changes. Economic factions are consistent throughout the period. Elizabeth saw more power seeking nobles who were jealous of others gaining power like Cecil, due to Elizabeth narrowing down her trusted advisors.
Government centralisation
Which 2 rebellions in Henry VII’s reign were caused by government intervention?
- 1489 - Yorkshire - Henry’s imposed tax on the north caused resentment, as traditionally the northerners hadn’t had to pay such high taxes, as they had to deal with Scottish raids.
- 1497 - Cornish - Henry’s imposed tax for the war against Scotland caused resentment from the south, as they felt that the war was far away therefore was irrelevant.
Which 2 rebellions were caused by government centralisation in Henry VIII’s reign?
- 1534-37 - silken Thomas/Kildare - Cromwell (advisor) started to favour earl of kildare’s rivals in the government, leading to kildare’s declining influence. Also, the supporters opposed the imposition of English colonial rule.
- 1536 - POG - rebels believed that there should be more political influence in the north. For example, when they petitioned parliament to meet in the north to address issues surrounding the dissolution of the monasteries and high taxes (like the 1534 Subsidy Act) they were ignored, hence they rebelled.
Which 4 rebellions caused by government centralisation are in Elizabeth I’s reign?
- 1558-67 - Shane O’Neill - wanted to rule Ulster and remove English colonial rule
- 1569-73 - Munster - Fitzgerald and supporters rebelled against the new English plantations and Elizabeth’s imposition of the martial law (where civil law was removed).
- 1579 - 83 - Geraldine - same as above but this time used religion as a cause in disguise (because he gained support from the pope which included 600 Spanish and Italian troops).
- 1595-1603 - Tyrone - government’s policy of compositions (establishing Protestant churches and taking attainted lands).
What conclusions can be drawn from rebellions caused by government centralisation across the Tudor period?
Consistent economic rebellions caused by imposition of taxation, Elizabeth’s reign saw more Irish rebellions caused by government centralisation, due to her harsher and more ambition to establish English colonial rule.
Evil advisors
Which rebellion had a cause of evil advisors during Henry VII’s reign?
1497 - Cornish rebels accused Reginald bray and john Morton as being the evil advisors who played a key role in putting forward the tax for the Scottish war.
Which 2 rebellions had a cause of evil advisors during Henry VIII’s reign?
- 1525 - amicable grant - Suffolk rebels intended to complain about cardinal Wolsey (who introduced a non-parliamentary tax to fund a war against France).
- 1536 - POG - rebels complained about Cromwell, Audley and Rich (who were key figures in the dissolution of the monasteries) in the Pontefract Articles (December 1536) where they demanded them to be removed from the King’s Council (but also wanted the monasteries to be restored).
Which rebellion caused by evil advisors was there in Mary I’s reign?
1554 - Wyatt - Thomas Wyatt claimed ‘we seek no harm to the queen but better counsel and councillors’
Which rebellions were caused by evil advisors in Elizabeth’s reign?
- 1569 - northern earls directed their blame towards William Cecil
- 1601 - Essex - earl of essex wanted to remove Robert Cecil from power
Why were evil advisors often a contributing cause to rebellions? (4)
- Genuinely evil and trying to lead a monarch
- The cause of local problems e.g. enclosure, religion, taxation (e.g. amicable grant and the POG)
- An excuse to prevent the rebels from complaining about the monarch (so they weren’t committing treason) (e.g. Wyatt and Cornish)
- Rival factions trying to remove enemies (e.g. northern earls and essex)
Why were there no religiously caused rebellions under Henry VII’s reign?
Which rebellion was caused by religion under Henry VIII’s reign? What are the reasons for religion being a cause?
1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace - Occurred mainly in Northern England, and outlined 4 concerns over religion:
- MONASTERIES - People resented the christian commissioners order to close down monasteries, which led to people of Louth and Horncastle drawing up articles requesting their abbeys to be preserved. This also links to social and economic issues/causes, as the public relied on the monasteries for charity.
- HERESY - with the religious changes from Catholicism to Protestantism, the people believed that Henry was committing heresy. In response to this fear Henry issued the Act of Ten Articles to make clear that he wasn’t committing heresy, but this did not stop the rebels.
- CATHOLIC ACTIVITY - POG was also caused by the government’s removal of catholic saints, pilgrimages and holy days, which led the rebels to carrying religious banners of the Five Wounds of Christ to show that they were on a catholic pilgrimage.
- FIRST FRUITS AND TENTHS - this was a tax that ensured that the first year’s income of a new bishop would be paid to the king. The people opposed this tax and thought that the king was interfering too much with religion.
- TITHES - people resented tithes (a tax made by the people to the church with 10% or their income) and the fact that this tax was going towards Protestant priests.
Which rebellions were caused by religion under Edward VI’s reign and why was religion a cause? (2) What were the 4 wants of the Western rebellion?
- 1549 - Western (Prayer Book rebellion) - a result of religious reforms which were introduced in 1549. In response, the rebels drew up 13/14 articles (to show their want of the restoration of the Catholic Church), marched with the banner of the Five Wounds of Christ and opposed the English Prayer Book.
4 wants from the rebels:
- PAPAL RELICS - return of papal relics and images
- MONASTERIES - wanted at least 2 monasteries per county
- MASS - wanted a Latin mass
- ACT OF SIX ARTICLES - they wanted to return to the act of six articles (catholic faith) - 1549 - Kett’s rebellion - originally caused by socio-economics, but then religious grievances gave them more support. Opposed the slow rate of the progression of Protestantism in eastern England. The Protestant Kett rebels wanted clergy with abilities to teach Catechism and Prymer.
Which 2 rebellions had religious causes in Mary I’s reign?
- 1553 - Northumberland (Lady Jane Grey) - went on to become politically caused, but the underlying cause was religion. Religiously caused because Lady Jane Grey would continue the Protestant changes implemented from Edward VI, whereas Mary would restore Catholicism.
- 1554 - Wyatt - Wyatt’s grievances were stemmed from political factors (due to the fear of Spanish influence from Mary’s marriage to Philip of Spain) but he gained support though the Protestants who resented the religious change to Catholicism. This was because he was located in Kent, which was a strongly Protestant county.
Which rebellion was religiously caused under Elizabeth I’s reign and why?
1569 - northern earls - catholic earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland resented the appointment of the Protestant bishops in Durham and the Protestant religious settlement (established in the 1559 Act of Uniformity).
Socio-economic causes of Tudor rebellions:
Taxation, enclosures, famine/disease, inflation
Taxation, famine and inflation
Which 2 rebellions under Henry VII’s reign were caused by taxation, famine and inflation?
Henry struggled with provincialism (loyalty to locality over country) due to his taxes and weak claim to the throne (as he usurped the throne).
- 1489 - Yorkshire rebellion - caused by taxation, because the north resented the tax for the war against France (£100,000) as traditionally the south funded these wars, due to north funding the costs of defending the Scottish border. They resented the fact that Northumberland, Westmoreland and Cumberland had been exempt from the tax due to the northern counties being poorer, despite the fact that they had received a poor harvest in 1488.
- 1497 - Cornish rebellion - the Cornish opposed the tax (£60,000) that was to fund the war with against Scotland, because wars against Scotland had always been paid by scutage (paid by knights or landowners) and northern counties.
Which 2 rebellions were caused by taxation, famine and inflation under Henry VIII’s reign?
- 1525 - Amicable Grant - people resented Wosely, who raised £260,000 in force loans and promised to repay in the next parliament subsidy, which didn’t happen. Since 1513, people were paying taxes that they couldn’t afford, as there were coin shortages. This led to a poor economy, given the rise in unemployment and decrease in wool prices.
- 1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace - Article 14 of the Pontefract Articles requested a change to the subsidy act of 1534 (the first tax that was issued to commoners).
Which rebellion was caused by taxation, famine and inflation under Edward VI’s reign?
1549 - western rebellion - opposition to the Duke of Somerset’s Subsidy Act of 1549 which intended to raise as much money for the government as possible (due to the poor economy) and encourage more farmers to return their land to tillage (for agriculture).
Enclosures
No rebellions caused by enclosures under Henry VII’s reign because…
Which rebellion was caused by enclosures under Henry VIII’s reign and had enclosures been a previous cause of riots/rebellions?
There were many riots over enclosures during 1535, particularly among the northern rebels.
1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace - Item 13 of the Pilgrim’s Demands called for ‘the statute for enclosures and intacks to be put in execution […] “except mountains, forests and parks ’
Which rebellion was caused by enclosures under Edward VI’s reign?
1549 - Kett’s rebellion - caused by a local incident between the 2 landowners Robert Kett and John Flowerdew, who both enclosed their lands which incited opposition from the commoners. Kett then remove his fences and became a leader of the Kett rebels.
Investigation into illegal enclosures??
Which rebellion was caused by enclosures under Elizabeth I’s reign?
1596 - Oxfordshire rebellion - by the 1590s, private profit (through enclosures) was replacing communal co-operation, which was problematic considering the population increase in Elizabeth’s reign. Villagers were denied rights to pasturage (right to allow their livestock to graze on common land). Consequently, 4 rebels gathered in Oxfordshire in protest against enclosures.
Multi-casual, short term and long term
Irish causes
