Chapter 1 Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
Define “osteology”
A
the study of bones
2
Q
Define “arthrology”
A
the study of joints
3
Q
What does the circulatory system do?
A
-distributes oxygen to cells
-transports waste products from cells
4
Q
What does the digestive system do?
A
-absorption
-elimination
5
Q
What does the respiratory system do?
A
-supplies oxygen
-eliminates carbon dioxide
6
Q
What does the urinary system do?
A
-regulates blood
-eliminates waste products
7
Q
What does the reproductive system do?
A
-reproduces organisms
8
Q
What does the nervous system do?
A
-regulates body activities
9
Q
What does the muscular system do?
A
-allows for movement
skeletal, visceral and cardiac types
10
Q
What does the endocrine system do?
A
-regulates body via hormones
ductless glands of the body
11
Q
What does the integumentary system do?
A
-protects the body (skin)
-eliminates waste through perspiration
12
Q
What is the axial skeleton?
A
-central axis of the body
-skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
-80 bones
13
Q
What is the appendicular skeleton?
A
-limbs
-shoulder and pelvic girdles
-126 bones
14
Q
What are “long bones”?
A
-limbs; only found in appendicular skeleton
-composition (outside to inside): hyaline cartilage on ends, periosteum [dense fibrous membrane], compact bone [hard bone tissue], spongy bone [porous with red bone marrow], medullary cavity [hollow cavity containing yellow marrow]
-ex: humerus, femur, tibia
15
Q
What are “irregular bones”?
A
-peculiar shapes
ex: vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones
16
Q
What are “short” bones?
A
-cuboidal found only in wrists and ankles
-compact and cancellous tissue
-ex: carpal and tarsal bones
17
Q
Joint classification: structural vs. functional
A
-structural: classified by tissue type
-functional: classified by function
18
Q
What is a fibrous joint?
A
-held together by fibrous tissue
-structural classification
19
Q
What are cartilaginous joints?
A
held together by cartilage
-structural classification
20
Q
What are synovial joints?
A
synovial fluid in joint capsule
-structural classification
21
Q
What are synarthrodial joints?
A
-immovable
-functional classification
22
Q
What are amphiarthrodial joints?
A
-limited movement
-functional classification
23
Q
What are diarthrodial joints?
A
-freely movable
-functional classification
24
Q
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
A
- syndemosis - held together by ligaments and cords; amphiarthrodial (ex: distal tibiofibular joint; “stringy” connection between tibia and fibula bones)
- suture - synarthrodial (ex: skull suture)
- gomposis - amphiarthrodial (ex: tooth roots)
25
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
1. symphyses - amphiarthrodial (ex: symphysis pubis [between 2 pelvic bones], intervertebral joint in spine)
2. synchondroses - synarthrodial (ex: epiphyses and epiphyseal plates in long bones [knee])
26
What are the 7 types of synovial joints?
1. plane/gliding (ex: hand-intercarpal, carpometacarpal, intermetacarpal)
2. hinge/ginglymus (ex: elbow joint, fingers)
3. pivot/trochoid (ex: radioulnar joints, C1-C2 nervical joint; crossover)
4. ellipsoid/condlyoid (ex: metacarpophalangeal/interphalangeal and wrist joints)
5. saddle/sellar (ex: thumb)
6. ball and socket/spheroidal (ex: hip and shoulder joint)
7. bicondylar (ex: TMJ, Knee)
27
Body habitus: sthenic
-average in shape and internal organ location
-approx. 50% of population
28
Body habitus: hyposthenic
-slenderer than sthenic body habitus
-approx. 35% of population
29
Body habitus: hypersthenic
-broad frame compared to sthenic body habitus
-approx. 5% of population
30
Body habitus: asthenic
-thin, slender, long and narrow body
-slighter in stature than hyposthenic
-approx. 10% of population
31
Body habitus: bariatric patient
-obesity
32
Which of the following joints is classified as trochoidal?
A. Wrist joint
B. Metacarpophalangeal
C. Distal radioulnar
D. Shoulder
C. Distal radioulnar
33
Which of the following joints is classified as ellipsoidal?
A. Wrist
B. Interphalangeal
C. Ankle
D. Hip
B. Interphalangeal
34
Which of the following joints is classified as bicondylar?
A. Metacarpophalangeal
B. First carpometacarpal joint
C. Proximal radioulnar joint
D. Knee
D. Knee
35
Body plane: sagittal
AKA midsagittal
-separating left and right
36
Body plane: coronal
AKA midcoronal
-separating front and back
37
Body plane: oblique
any angle other than vertical or horizontal (not 0 or 90 degrees)
38
Body plane: horizontal
AKA axial/transverse
-separating top and bottom
-cross-sections
39
Planes of the skull
-base plane: separates cranial cavity from other facial structures
-occlusal plane: separates upper and lower jaw
40
What is AP?
Anterior/Posterior
-front to back
41
What is PA?
Posterior/Anterior
-back to front
42
A projection in which the CR is parallel to or greater than a 10°angle along the long axis of the body or part?
Axial projection
43
A projection that merely skims a body part?
Tangential projection
44
A projection in which the hand is pronated, then is rotated laterally 45 degrees?
Oblique projection
45
A specific oblique position in which the right anterior aspect of the body is closest to the IR?
Recumbent RAO position
46
A body position in which the patient is lying on the abdomen with the x-ray beam directed horizontally?
Ventral decubitus position
47
A general body position in which the head is lower than the feet?
Trendelenburg position
48
Positioning Rules and Principles
1. Minimum of 2 projections
-Anatomic structures superimposed
-Localization of lesions or foreign bodies
-Determination of alignment of fractures
2. Minimum of three projections when joints are in prime interest area
-AP or PA
-Lateral
-Oblique
49
Exceptions to Positioning Rules
-Postreduction upper and lower limbs generally require only two projections for checking fracture alignment
-Pelvis study requires only a single AP projection unless a hip injury is suspected
50
Hand: 1, 2, or 3 projections?
3 projections
51
Forearm: 1, 2, or 3 projections?
2 projections
52
Femur: 1, 2, or 3 projections?
2 projections
53
Knee: 1, 2, or 3 projections?
2 projections
54
Humerus: 1, 2, or 3 projections?
2 projections
55
What is palpation?
-Applying light, gentle pressure with the fingertips to locate positioning landmarks
-Must inform patient before the process begins
56
How many bones are in the body?
206
57
What is IR?
Image Receptor
-the device that responds to the ionizing radiation to create the image after it exits the patient
-both film-based and digital devices
58
What is CR?
Central Ray
-centermost point of the x-ray beam emitted from x-ray tube
-has the least divergence
59
What is Radiography?
the process and procedures of producing a radiograph
60
What is Radiograph?
an image of a patient's anatomic parts, as produced by the action of x-rays on an image receptor
-the recording medium and the image
61
What is a Radiographic procedure (examination)?
Involves 5 functions:
1. body positioning; alignment with IR and CR
2. applying radiation protection measures and devices
3. exposure factor selection (radiographic technique)
4. patient instruction (breathing) and x-ray exposure initiation
5. IR or digital processing
62
What is the top of the foot called?
Dorsum (dorsum pedis)
63
What is AP/PA Oblique Projections?
projection of upper or lower limb that's slightly rotated
64
Describe lateromedial projection
enter lateral, exit medial
65
Describe mediolateral projection
enter medial, exit lateral
66
Levels of human structural organization
atoms -> molecule -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism
67
What is ossification?
the process by which bones form within the body
68
What is intramembranous ossification?
-when bone replaces membranes
-takes place in bones that are needed for protection (ex: sutures of the flat bones in skull)
69
What is endochondral ossification?
-when bone replaces cartilage
-occurs in most parts of the skeleton, especially in long bones
70
Primary Center of Endochonral Ossification
-occurs in the midbody
-called "diaphysis" in growing bones; known as the body/shaft in fully developed bone
-appear before birth
71
Secondary Center of Endochonral Ossification
-appear near the ends of the limbs of long bones
-most appear after birth
-each secondary center is called an "epiphysis" or the end of the bone
72
What is the epiphyseal plate?
cartilaginous plates found between the metaphysis and epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete
73
What is metaphysis?
-the wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate
-area where bone growth in length occurs
74
When does ossification begin and end?
-begins at about the 6th embryonic week, continues until adulthood
-ends between 2-25 years old (epiphyseal fusion)
75
What are "flat" bones?
-consist of 2 plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow in between
-ex: calavarium [skull], sternum, ribs, scapulae
76
Define "view"
body part as seen by IR or other recording medium, such as a fluoroscopic screen
77
2 Rules/Principles of Positioning
1. minimum of 2 projections 90 degrees from each other (anatomic structures superimposed, localization of lesions/foreign bodies, determination of alignment of fractures)
2. minimum of 3 projections when joints are in prime interest area (AP or PA, lateral, oblique)
78
Evaluation Criteria:
1. anatomy demonstrated
2. position
3. exposure
4. image markers
79
How many views is a supine abdomen (KUB)?
1 projection
80
Positioning Rules - Exceptions:
1. post-reduction (casted) upper and lower limbs require 2 projections for checking fracture alignment
2. pelvis study required 1 AP projection unless a hip injury is suspected
81
Topographic Landmark Palpation
-applying light, gentle pressure with fingertips to locate positioning landmarks (bony structures)
-must inform patient BEFORE process begins
82
What does decubitus identify?
fluid or air
83
What is AEC?
Automatic Exposure Control (system)
84
What factors affect quality?
Exposure factors
Receptor Exposure
Spatial Resolution
Resolution
Distortion
85
What is receptor exposure?
The degree to which an image receptor is exposed to ionizing radiation
86
What are the factors in receptor exposure?
-mAs: controls # of x-ray photons in x-ray beam and amount of exposure time
-kVp: controls quality or energy of x-ray beam
-SID: source-to-image receptor distance
-grids: reduce scatter amount
-collimation field size: beam restriction
-exposure indicator: numeric value representative of radiation reaching IR
87
What is "spatial resolution"?
-AKA detail, recorded detail, image sharpness or definition
the recorded sharpness of structures on the image
88
What is "distortion"?
the misrepresentation of object size or shape
89
What are the controlling factors of "distortion"?
1. SID
2. OID
3. object-IR alignment
4. CR alignment
90
What is the greatest deterrent to image sharpness?
1. voluntary motion (breathing)
2. involuntary motion (peristalsis)
91
Which of these is not a controlling factor of distance?
A. OID
B. kVp
C. SID
D. CR alignment
B. kVp
92
Which statement is true regarding OID controlling distortion?
A. OID should be minimized
B. OID should be maximized
C. OID is not a controlling factor of distortion
D. The closer the object being radiographed is to the IR, the magnification will be increased
A. OID should be minimized
93
Regarding CR alignment, which part of the beam has no divergence?
A. the extreme right side of the beam
B. the extreme left side of the beam
C. the center of the beam
C. the center of the beam
94
What is "pixel" and "matrix"?
Pixels represent the smallest unit in an image; columns and rows of pixels make up the matrix (that forms the digital image)
95
What is "contrast"?
the difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image
96
What is "SNR"?
Signal-to-Noise ratio
-the # of x-ray photons that strike the receptor can be considered the signal, other factors that negatively affect the final image are classified as noise
97
What is "noise"
the random disturbance that obscures or reduces clarity
98
What is "windowing"?
controls the contrast of the image
99
What is "annotation"?
Text maybe added to images
100
What is "magnification"?
all or part of an image can be magnified
