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Organic Chemistry > Chapter 1 - Structure and Bonding > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Structure and Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basis of organic chemistry?

A

Study of carbon-based compounds in living and non-living things.
- Carbon is central; compounds from both living and non-living sources.

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2
Q

What does the atomic structure look like?

A

Atoms have a nucleus (protons, neutrons) and electrons orbiting.
- Electrons in shells, follow rules, define atom’s properties.

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3
Q

What is electron configuration determined by?

A

Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hunds Rule ( in order from Aufbau>Pauli>Hunds)

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4
Q

What is the Aufbau principle?

A

orbitals fill in order of increasing energy: low->high

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5
Q

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

A

It requires that only two electrons can occupy an orbital and that their spins must be opposite

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6
Q

What is the Hunds Rule say?

A

When there are degenerate orbitals (equal orbitals), then each orbital is filled before they are paired.
- ex: a 2p orbital will fill each 3 level with one electron first

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7
Q

What is ionization energy?

A

Energy it takes to remove an electron from an atom or molecule

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8
Q

anion…

A

gains electrons (more negative)

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9
Q

cation…

A

loses electrons(more positive)

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10
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

a partially ionic and partially covalent

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11
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

A measure of an atom’s attraction for electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another atom
-ex: like tug a war

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12
Q

What is a characteristic of electronegativity?

A

Orbitals get lower in energy as you move across the periodic table from left to right.
- therefore, the more energy to remove electrons from atoms as you move towards the right

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13
Q

What is electron affinity?

A

energy released upon addition of an electron
-more favorable as you move from left to right on periodic table

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14
Q

What is the equation to determine formal charge?

A

of valence electrons - (all shared electrons + # of bonded electrons)

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15
Q

What is the purpose of functional groups?

A

They are stuctural units we divide into organic compounds into classes and which serve as a basis for nomenclature
- functional groups are sites for chemical reactivity

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16
Q

What is an alcohol group?

A

an OH group bonded to a carbon atom

17
Q

What is an amine group?

A

An amino group (nitrogen atom) bonded to either 1-2 catbon atoms by single bonds

18
Q

What is an aldehyde group?

A

A carbonyl group bonded to carbon ( C=O )
- formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde

  • typically bonded to one hydrogen and one carbon
19
Q

What is a ketone group?

A

carbonyl carbon bonded to 2 carbon atoms

20
Q

What is a carboxylic acid?

A

COOH (carbonyl and hydroxyl ) group

21
Q

What is an ester group?

A

derivative of carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the carbonyl group is replaced by a carbon containing group

22
Q

What determines if a molecule is polar or nonpolar?

A

A polar molecule must have 1 or more polar bonds

23
Q

What are the rules to determine polarity?

A
  1. whether there are polar bonds
  2. what is the arrangement of its atoms in space
  • pay attention to the more electronegative atom
24
Q

What is valence bond theory?

A

bonds are created by the overlap of atomic orbitals on adjacent atoms

25
Q

What is hybridization?

A

the combination of atomic orbitals

  • the number of hybrid orbitals is equal to the number of atomic orbitals combined
26
Q

What does a sp2 hybridization typically have?

A

They typically feature a double bond

27
Q

What does a sp hybridization typically have?

A

Whenever there is a triple bond

28
Q

What do the most important contributing resonance structures have?

A

1.Filled valence shells
2. Maximum number of covalent bonds
3. least separation of unlike charges
4. negative charge on more electronegative atom
- more positive charge on less electronegative atom

29
Q

What do the curved arrows represent in resonance structures?

A

indicates where a pair of electrons originate (tail) and where it is positioned in the next structure

30
Q

Where do arrows typically start?

A

double, triple, or lone pairs

31
Q

What are the rules for contributing structures?

A
  1. all contributing structures must have the same number of valence electrons
  2. all contributing structures must obey the rules of covalent bonding
  3. contributing structures may only differ in distribution of valence electrons
  4. all contributing structures must have the same total number of valence electrons
32
Q

Why does least separation of unlike charges contribute to resonance structures?

A

Structures that involve separation of unlike charges contribute less than those that do not involve charge separation because separation of charges costs energy

Organic Chemistry (4 decks)

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