Chapter 1 - Structure and Bonding Flashcards
What is the basis of organic chemistry?
Study of carbon-based compounds in living and non-living things.
- Carbon is central; compounds from both living and non-living sources.
What does the atomic structure look like?
Atoms have a nucleus (protons, neutrons) and electrons orbiting.
- Electrons in shells, follow rules, define atom’s properties.
What is electron configuration determined by?
Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hunds Rule ( in order from Aufbau>Pauli>Hunds)
What is the Aufbau principle?
orbitals fill in order of increasing energy: low->high
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
It requires that only two electrons can occupy an orbital and that their spins must be opposite
What is the Hunds Rule say?
When there are degenerate orbitals (equal orbitals), then each orbital is filled before they are paired.
- ex: a 2p orbital will fill each 3 level with one electron first
What is ionization energy?
Energy it takes to remove an electron from an atom or molecule
anion…
gains electrons (more negative)
cation…
loses electrons(more positive)
What is an ionic bond?
a partially ionic and partially covalent
What is electronegativity?
A measure of an atom’s attraction for electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another atom
-ex: like tug a war
What is a characteristic of electronegativity?
Orbitals get lower in energy as you move across the periodic table from left to right.
- therefore, the more energy to remove electrons from atoms as you move towards the right
What is electron affinity?
energy released upon addition of an electron
-more favorable as you move from left to right on periodic table
What is the equation to determine formal charge?
of valence electrons - (all shared electrons + # of bonded electrons)
What is the purpose of functional groups?
They are stuctural units we divide into organic compounds into classes and which serve as a basis for nomenclature
- functional groups are sites for chemical reactivity
What is an alcohol group?
an OH group bonded to a carbon atom
What is an amine group?
An amino group (nitrogen atom) bonded to either 1-2 catbon atoms by single bonds
What is an aldehyde group?
A carbonyl group bonded to carbon ( C=O )
- formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde
- typically bonded to one hydrogen and one carbon
What is a ketone group?
carbonyl carbon bonded to 2 carbon atoms
What is a carboxylic acid?
COOH (carbonyl and hydroxyl ) group
What is an ester group?
derivative of carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the carbonyl group is replaced by a carbon containing group
What determines if a molecule is polar or nonpolar?
A polar molecule must have 1 or more polar bonds
What are the rules to determine polarity?
- whether there are polar bonds
- what is the arrangement of its atoms in space
- pay attention to the more electronegative atom
What is valence bond theory?
bonds are created by the overlap of atomic orbitals on adjacent atoms
