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Organic Chemistry > Chapter 2 - Alkanes > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are alkanes?

A

molecules with only C and H atoms and all single bonds.

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2
Q

What is the formula for all alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a line drawing?

A
  1. All ends and connections of lines indicate a carbon
  2. hydrogen is not explicityl shown on carbons
  3. Hydrogen is always shown on non-carbon atoms
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4
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structure in some way

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5
Q

What is a constitutional isomer?

A

Isomers that differ in the way the atoms are connected

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6
Q

What is the formal naming organization?

A

IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

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7
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

An alkane in which one hydrogen has been removed
- alkyl groups are usually attached to either another carbon chain or other atoms

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8
Q

What is rule number one of naming alkanes?

A

Identify the parent hydrocarbon: the longest continuous carbon chain
(name becomes the root name)

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9
Q

What is rule number two of naming alkanes?

A

Identify the alkyl substituents that are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain

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10
Q

What is specific about rule number two of naming substituents?

A

name each substituent on the parent chain with a name and number
- number denotes which carbon atom the substituent is bonded to

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11
Q

What is rule number three of naming substituents?

A

Start on the side closest to the first substituent

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12
Q

What is rule number four of naming substituents?

A

Name the molecule starting with the carbon number of the substituent, the substituent name, and then the parent hydrocarbon

ex: 3-methylhexane

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13
Q

What if there are two or more identical substituents?

A

number the parent chain from the end that gives the lower number to the substituent encountered first.

ex: 2,4 dimethylhexane
not = 3,5 dimethylhexane

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14
Q

What happens if there are two or more different substituents?

A

list them in alphabetical order and number the chain from the end that gives the lower number to the substituent encountered first

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15
Q

What happens if there are different substituents in equivalent positions on opposite ends of the parent chain?

A

Give the substituent of lower alphabetical order the lower number

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16
Q

What happens if there are 2 or more parent chains of the same length?

A

Chose the chain with the most substituents
ex: 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane
not = 3-isopropylhexane

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17
Q

What happens when you have substituents that also have substituents?

A
  1. Parent hydrocarbon must start with the carbon attached to the main chain
  2. Number the substituent starting from the carbon attached to the main chain
  3. Place full name of complex substituent within parenthesis
  4. Place in order of substituents using the same rule as for simple substituents
18
Q

What is a primary carbon classification?

A

Carbon attached to one other carbon

19
Q

What is a secondary carbon classification?

A

Carbon attached to two other carbons

20
Q

What is a teritary carbon classification

A

Carbon attached to three other carbons

21
Q

What is a quaternary carbon classification?

A

Carbon attached to four other carbons

22
Q

What is a cycloalkane?

A

a saturated hydrocarbon that conatins carbon atoms bonded to form a ring

23
Q

What are the rules for naming a cycloalkane?

A
  1. cyclo is used before the parent name to indicate ring structure
  2. When determining the parent hydrocarbon consider the ring and any other alkyl chains separately
  3. a mono substituted cycloalkane does not require a number for the substituents
    ex: propylcyclohexane
24
Q

What happens if there is more than one substituent on a cycloalkane?

A

Position numbers must be used
- start numbering at one substituent
- then number towards the next closest substituent

25
Q

What is a conformational isomer?

A

molecules that are the same constitutional isomer but differ by a bond rotation

26
Q

What is a staggered conformation?

A

a conformation about a carbon-carbon single bond in which the atoms or groups on one carbon are as far apart as possible from atoms or groups on an adjacent atom

27
Q

Between staggered and an eclipsed conformation which is more stable?

A

A staggered conformation is more stable because the atoms are farther away from each other

28
Q

What is an eclipsed conformation?

A

the atoms or groups on one carbon are as close as possible to the atoms or groups on an adjacent atom

29
Q

What is torsional strain?

A

resistance to bond twisting in a certain type of chemical compound

30
Q

What is an anti conformation?

A

staggered conformation in which atoms are the maximum distance apart

31
Q

What is gauche conformation?

A

staggered conformation in which they are closer together

32
Q

What is steric strain?

A

when nonbonded atoms separated by four or more bonds are forced closer to each other than atomic radii allow

33
Q

What is the stability of cycloalkanes?

A

small cycloalkanes have a very large ring srain
- 5,6,and 7 membered rings are more stable

34
Q

What is the chair conformation?

A

all c-c-c bond angles are 110.9 degrees

35
Q

What does it mean for an atom to be equatorial?

A

perpendicular to imaginary axis

36
Q

What does it mean for an atom to be axial?

A

parallel to imaginary axis

37
Q

Which is better between axial and equatorial?

A

Substituents on cyclohexane chairs will always be more stable in the equatorial position

38
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

compounds that have:
1. same molecular formula
2. same connectivity of their atoms
3. different orientation of their atoms in space

39
Q

What is a cis substituent?

A

substituents are on the same side of the ring

40
Q

What is a trans substituent?

A

substituents are on the opposite side of the ring
- trans isomers are typically in different planes

41
Q

How do you determine if the compound is the same compound or constitutional isomers?

A

Determine the molecular formal first. Identical molecular formuals indicate either identical compounds or constitutional isomers

42
Q

When does torsional strain typically occur?

A

it is the strain experienced by the bonds when conformations are not staggered

Organic Chemistry (4 decks)

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