Chapter 1 - States Of Matter

Question 1

what is matter?

Answer 1

anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 2

what is states of matter?

Answer 2

solid, liquid or gas are the three states of matter in which any substance can exist depending on the conditions of temperature and pressure

Question 3

what are the properties of solids?

Answer 3

*has a fixed volume
*high density
*has a definite shape
*doesn’t flow

Question 4

what are the properties of liquids?

Answer 4

*have a fixed volume
*moderate to high density
*no definite shape - takes the shape of its container
*generally flows easily

Question 5

what are the properties of solids?

Answer 5

*no fixed volume - expands to fill the container
*low density
*no definite shape - takes the shape of the container
*flows easily

Question 6

what is a fluid?

Answer 6

a gas or a liquid; they are able to flow

Question 7

what is melting point?

Answer 7

the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid - it has the same valve as the freezing point; a pure substance has a sharp melting point

Question 8

what is evaporation?

Answer 8

a process occurring at the surface of a liquid, involving the change of state from liquid into a vapour at a temperature below the boiling point

Question 9

what is boiling?

Answer 9

the process of change from liquid to gas at the boiling point of the substance; a condition under which gas bubbles are able to form within a liquid - gas molecules escape from the body of a liquid not just from the surface

Question 10

what is volatile?

Answer 10

term that describes a liquid that evaporated easily; it is a liquid with a low boiling point because there are only weak intermolecular forces between the molecules in a liquid

Question 11

what is boiling point?

Answer 11

the temperature at which a liquid boils, when the pressure of the gas created above the liquid equals atmospheric pressure

Question 12

what is volatility?

Answer 12

the property of how easily a liquid evaporates

Question 13

what is condensation?

Answer 13

the change of a vapour or a gas into a liquid; during this process heat is given out to the surroundings

Question 14

what is sublimation?

Answer 14

a few solids change directly from solid to gas - the term is used for the change in either direction

Question 15

what is a pure substance?

Answer 15

a single chemical element or compound - it melts and boils at definite precise temperatures

Question 16

what determines if a substance is a solid, liquid or gas?

Answer 16

a substance’s melting and boiling points in relation to room temperature
*if melting point is above 25 degrees celsius and the bolting point is above 25, the substance will be a liquid at room temperature

Question 17

what do impurities affect?

Answer 17

the melting or boiling point of a substance - it can melt or boil over a range of temperatures and not at a precise point like a pure substance

Question 18

what is lattice?

Answer 18

a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, molecules or ions in a crystalline solid

Question 19

what happens during a heating curve?

Answer 19

*heat the solid
*temperature rises
*particles gain more energy to vibrate
*starts to become liquid
*break down the forces between particles
*heat the liquid
*temperature rises
*particles gain more energy to move around
*they break the particles between them
*starts to become a gas

Question 20

what happens during a cooling curve?

Answer 20

*temperature falls
*particles have less energy
*movement of particles becomes slower
*interactions with other particles become stronger
*start to become a liquid
*temperature continued to fall
*particles have less energy
*interaction between particles become stronger
*movement of particles becomes slower
*starts to become solid

Question 21

what are atoms?

Answer 21

the smallest particles of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction

Question 22

what are the key ideas when it comes to atoms?

Answer 22

*each element is composed of its own type of atom
*atoms of different elements can combine to make the molecules of a compound

Question 23

what is the kinetic particle theory?

Answer 23

a theory which accounts for the bulk properties of the different states of matter in terms of the movement of particles (atoms or molecules) - the theory explains what happens during changes in physical state

Question 24

what are the major points of the kinetic particle theory?

Answer 24

*all matter is made up of very small particles
*particles are moving all the time
*the freedom of movement and the arrangement of the particles is different for the three states of matter
*the pressure of a gas is produced by the atoms or molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container - the more the particles collide with the walls, the greater the pressure

Question 25

what are molecules?

Answer 25

a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

Question 26

what are particles in a gas like?

Answer 26

*arranged totally irregularly
*spread very far apart compared to solids and liquids
*able to move randomly

Question 27

what are particles in a liquid like?

Answer 27

*closely packed together
*in an irregular arrangement
*able to move around past each other

Question 28

what are the particles in a solid like?

Answer 28

*packed closely together
*in a regular arrangement or lattice
*not able to move freely but simply vibrate in their fixed positions

Question 29

what is intermolecular space?

Answer 29

the space between atoms or molecules in a liquid or gas - the intermolecular space is small in a liquid but relatively very large in a gas

Question 30

what are intermolecular forces?

Answer 30

the weak attractive forces that act between molecules

Question 31

what are the key points from condensation and freezing?

Answer 31

*as the particles come closer together, new forces of interaction take place
*meaning that energy is given out during these changes (endothermic)
*therefore the temperature remains unchanged until the liquid or solid is totally formed

Question 32

what are endothermic changes?

Answer 32

a process of chemical reaction in which heat energy is produced and released to the surrounding

Question 33

what are endothermic reactions?

Answer 33

a process of chemical reaction that takes in heat from surrounding, for example melting, evaporation and boiling

Question 34

what is a mixture?

Answer 34

two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined - the substances can be separated by physical means

Question 35

what is a solution?

Answer 35

formed when a substance (solute) dissolves into another substance (solvent)

Question 36

what is a solute?

Answer 36

the solid substance that has dissolved in a liquid (the solvent) to form a solution

Question 37

what is a solvent?

Answer 37

the liquid that dissolves the solid solute to form a solution

Question 38

what is a suspension?

Answer 38

a mixture contains small particles of an insoluble solid or droplets of an insoluble liquid, spread (suspended) throughout a liquid

Question 39

what is a precipitation reaction?

Answer 39

a reaction in which an insoluble salt is prepared from solutions of two soluble salts

Question 40

what does it mean if something is soluble?

Answer 40

a solute that dissolves in a particular solvent

Question 41

what does it mean if something is insoluble?

Answer 41

a substance that doesn’t dissolve in a particular solvent

Question 42

what does miscible mean?

Answer 42

if two liquids form a completely uniform mixture when added together, they are said to be miscible

Question 43

what is an alloy?

Answer 43

mixtures of elements (usually metals) designed to have the properties useful for a particular purpose

Question 44

what is a saturated solution?

Answer 44

a solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible at a specific temperature

Question 45

what is concentration?

Answer 45

a measure of how much solute is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution - solutions can be dilute (with a high proportion of solvent) or concentrated (with high proportion of solute)

Question 46

what is solubility?

Answer 46

a measure of how much of a solute dissolves in a solvent at a particular temperature

Question 47

what is diffusion?

Answer 47

the process by which fluids mix as a result of the random movement of their particles