Chapter 1 Section 3: Process Of A Statistical Study

Question 1

Observational study

Answer 1

Observes data that already exists.

Question 2

Experiment

Answer 2

Generates data to help identify cause and effect relationships.

Question 3

Representative sample

Answer 3

Has the same relevant characteristics as the population and does not favor one group from the population over another.

Question 4

Random sampling

Answer 4

Every sample from the population has an equal chance of being chosen

Question 5

Stratified sampling

Answer 5

Members of the population are divided into two or more subgroups (strata) and a random sample from each stratum is drawn.

Question 6

Cluster sampling

Answer 6

Divided into clusters, and random samples from some of the clusters are sampled.

Question 7

Systematic sampling

Answer 7

One chosen by selecting every nth member of a population.

Question 8

Convenience sample

Answer 8

Sample which is convenient to collect for researcher–nonrepresentational of the population.

Question 9

Cross-sectional study

Answer 9

Data are collected at a single point in time

Question 10

Longitudinal study

Answer 10

Data are gathered by following a particular group over a period of time.

Question 11

Case study

Answer 11

Looks at multiple variables that affect a single event.

Question 12

Treatment

Answer 12

Is some condition that is applied to a group of subjects in an experiment

Question 13

Subjects

Answer 13

People or things being studied in an experiment.

Question 14

Participants

Answer 14

People being studied in an experiment.

Question 15

Response variable

Answer 15

The variable in an experiment that responds to the treatment

Question 16

Explanatory variable

Answer 16

The variable in an experiment that causes the changer in the response variable.

Question 17

Control group

Answer 17

A group of subjects to which no treatment is applied in an experiment.

Question 18

Treatment group

Answer 18

A group of subjects to which researchers apply a treatment in an experiment.

Question 19

Confounding variables

Answer 19

Factors other than the treatment that cause an effect on the subjects of an experiment.

Question 20

Placebo effect

Answer 20

A response to the power of suggestion, rather than the treatment itself by participants of an experiment.

Question 21

Placebo

Answer 21

A substance that appears identical to the actual treatment but contains no intrinsic beneficial elements.

Question 22

Single-blind

Answer 22

In this experiment, subjects of not know if they are in the control group or the treatment group, but the people interacting with the subjects in the experiment know in which group each subject has been placed.

Question 23

Double-blind

Answer 23

In this experiment, neither the subjects nor the people interacting with the subjects know to which group each subject belongs.

Question 24

Institutional Review Board

Answer 24

A group of people who review the design of a study to make sure that it is appropriate and that no unnecessary harm will come to the subjects involved.

Question 25

Informed consent

Answer 25

Involves completely disclosing to participants the goals and procedures involved in a study and obtaining their agreement to participate.

Question 26

Bias

Answer 26

Is favoring of a certain outcome in a study.

Question 27

Sampling bias

Answer 27

Occurs when the sample chosen does not accurately represent the population being studied.

Question 28

Dropouts

Answer 28

Are participants who begin the study but fail to complete it.

Question 29

Processing errors

Answer 29

Errors that occur simply from the data being processed, such as typos when data are being entered.

Question 30

Nonadherents

Answer 30

Participants who remain in the study until the end but stray from the instructions that they were given.

Question 31

Researcher bias

Answer 31

Occurs when a researcher influences the results of study

Question 32

Response bias

Answer 32

Occurs when a researchers behavior causes a participant to alter his or her response or when a participant gives an inaccurate response.

Question 33

Participant bias

Answer 33

Occurs when there is a problem with either the participation–or lack thereof–of those chosen for the study.

Question 34

Nonresponse bias

Answer 34

Occurs when there is a lack of participation in a self-selected sample from certain segment s of a populations, when a person refuses to participate in a survey, or when a respondent omits questions when answering a survey.

Question 35

Meta analysis

Answer 35

Study that compiles information from previous studies

Question 36

Principles of experimental design

Answer 36

Randomization, control, and replication