Chapter 1 Rocks and Landforms Flashcards
Name the sedimentary rocks (4).
- Shale,
- Sandstone,
- Limestone,
- Conglomerate
Name the igneous rocks (6).
- Gabbro,
- Granite,
- Basalt,
- Scoria,
- Obsidian,
- Rhyolite
Name the metamorphic rocks (5).
- Marble,
- Gneiss,
- (Bituminous) Coal,
- Slate,
- Schist
What does sediment mean?
Sediment is particles of solid material that have been moved from the place of origin by wind, running water, or glacier ice and deposited on a surface.
What is weathering?
Weathering is the complex of natural processes, both physical and chemical, that act to change exposed rock into mineral and rock particles and chemical compounds in solution.
Define sedimentary rock.
A sedimentary rock is a rock, usually layered, that results from the consolidation or lithification of sediment. For example, a clastic rock like sandstone, or a chemical rock like rock salt, or an organic rock like coal.
What is erosion?
Erosion is the wearing away of soil or rock by weathering, mass wasting (downhill movement of material, under the influence of gravity), and the action of streams, glaciers, waves, wind, and underground water.
What is a metamorphic rock?
A metamorphic rock is a rock that has been changed (metamorphosed) into a different rock type, without actually melting, by an increase in temperature and/or pressure, and/or the action of chemical fluids.
Define igneous rock.
An igneous rock is a rock that has solidified from molten or partly molten materials (magma).
What is an extrusive igneous rock?
An extrusive igneous rock is an igneous rock that has formed by rapid cooling of lava (melted rock that has reached the Earth’s surface). Extrusive igneous rock is usually very fine-grained.
What does rock mean?
A rock is a naturally occurring solid material composed of one or more minerals, or solid organic matter.
What is an intrusive igneous rock?
An intrusive igneous rock is an igneous rock tat has formed by slow cooling of magma (melted rock) deep within the Earth. Intrusive igneous rock is usually coarse-grained.
Define mineral.
A mineral is a naturally occurring solid material that consists of atoms and/or molecules that are arranged in a regular pattern.
What are the three types of rocks?
Sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediment is weathered and eroded, and then compacted and cemented into a sedimentary rock.
How are igneous rocks formed?
Igneous rocks are formed when melted magma is cool and crystallized.
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Metamorphic rocks are formed when there is high pressure and high temperature on a rock.
What is the difference between an intrusive and extrusive igneous rock?
An intrusive igneous rock is formed by slowly cooling magma deep in the Earth, and an extrusive igneous rock is formed by rapid cooling magma on the Earth’s surface. (INtrusive igneous rock as in IN THE EARTH, EXtrusive igneous rock as in EXITING THE EARTH’S SURFACE)
What are the processes in the rock cycle (9)?
Compaction, cementation, high pressure, high temperature, melting, cooling, crystallization, weathering, and erosion.
What are the observed processes in the rock cycle? What are the inferred and why?
Observed- Melting, cooling, crystallization, weathering, erosion
Inferred- Compaction, cementation, high temperature, high pressure (because they take too long and happen deep in the Earth)
Rock are related directly to which Earth sphere?
The geosphere.
What are the four types of sediment (NOT SEDIMENTARY ROCKS)?
- Gravel,
- Sand,
- Silt,
- Clay
Where does sediment come from?
Sediment comes from solid rock exposed at the Earth’s surface (that is broken down very slowly by weathering).
How does erosion occur?
Erosion occurs when sediment is moved by running water, wind, waves, or ice.
What should you look for in a sedimentary rock to know it is sedimentary? (2)
It has layers, and has partially worn grains.
What are igneous rocks made of?
Igneous rocks are made of minerals.
How do you know a rock is igneous? (2)
It is very hard, and made of interlocking crystals.
Where does a metamorphic rock usually change?
Below ground.
What is the rock cycle?
The rock cycle is the combination of all the processes that act to BREAK DOWN ROCKS and PRODUCE NEW ROCK.
Approximately how long does it take a rock to go through the rock cycle?
It takes approximately tens of thousands of years to many millions of years, or even longer.
What is made up of loose pieces of minerals and rocks.
Sediment is made up of loose pieces of minerals and rocks.
Solid rock is broken down slowly by what?
Solid rock is broken down slowly by weathering.
How is sediment formed in the ocean?
Sediment is formed when water waves break down rocks.
Which rock is mostly likely to have fossils found in it?
Sedimentary (heat in metamorphic rocks would destroy fossil, and melting in igneous rocks would destroy fossil as well).
How does a fossil get stuck in a rock?
A fossil gets stuck in a rock when an animal dies on sediment and as time goes on, the animal gets buried by more layers of sediment. After time, all the pressure from the sediment compacts and cements the fossil.
