Chapter 1 Rocks and Landforms

Question 1

Name the sedimentary rocks (4).

Answer 1

1. Shale,
2. Sandstone,
3. Limestone,
4. Conglomerate

Question 2

Name the igneous rocks (6).

Answer 2

1. Gabbro,
2. Granite,
3. Basalt,
4. Scoria,
5. Obsidian,
6. Rhyolite

Question 3

Name the metamorphic rocks (5).

Answer 3

1. Marble,
2. Gneiss,
3. (Bituminous) Coal,
4. Slate,
5. Schist

Question 4

What does sediment mean?

Answer 4

Sediment is particles of solid material that have been moved from the place of origin by wind, running water, or glacier ice and deposited on a surface.

Question 5

What is weathering?

Answer 5

Weathering is the complex of natural processes, both physical and chemical, that act to change exposed rock into mineral and rock particles and chemical compounds in solution.

Question 6

Define sedimentary rock.

Answer 6

A sedimentary rock is a rock, usually layered, that results from the consolidation or lithification of sediment. For example, a clastic rock like sandstone, or a chemical rock like rock salt, or an organic rock like coal.

Question 7

What is erosion?

Answer 7

Erosion is the wearing away of soil or rock by weathering, mass wasting (downhill movement of material, under the influence of gravity), and the action of streams, glaciers, waves, wind, and underground water.

Question 8

What is a metamorphic rock?

Answer 8

A metamorphic rock is a rock that has been changed (metamorphosed) into a different rock type, without actually melting, by an increase in temperature and/or pressure, and/or the action of chemical fluids.

Question 9

Define igneous rock.

Answer 9

An igneous rock is a rock that has solidified from molten or partly molten materials (magma).

Question 10

What is an extrusive igneous rock?

Answer 10

An extrusive igneous rock is an igneous rock that has formed by rapid cooling of lava (melted rock that has reached the Earth’s surface). Extrusive igneous rock is usually very fine-grained.

Question 11

What does rock mean?

Answer 11

A rock is a naturally occurring solid material composed of one or more minerals, or solid organic matter.

Question 12

What is an intrusive igneous rock?

Answer 12

An intrusive igneous rock is an igneous rock tat has formed by slow cooling of magma (melted rock) deep within the Earth. Intrusive igneous rock is usually coarse-grained.

Question 13

Define mineral.

Answer 13

A mineral is a naturally occurring solid material that consists of atoms and/or molecules that are arranged in a regular pattern.

Question 14

What are the three types of rocks?

Answer 14

Sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.

Question 15

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

Answer 15

Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediment is weathered and eroded, and then compacted and cemented into a sedimentary rock.

Question 16

How are igneous rocks formed?

Answer 16

Igneous rocks are formed when melted magma is cool and crystallized.

Question 17

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Answer 17

Metamorphic rocks are formed when there is high pressure and high temperature on a rock.

Question 18

What is the difference between an intrusive and extrusive igneous rock?

Answer 18

An intrusive igneous rock is formed by slowly cooling magma deep in the Earth, and an extrusive igneous rock is formed by rapid cooling magma on the Earth’s surface. (INtrusive igneous rock as in IN THE EARTH, EXtrusive igneous rock as in EXITING THE EARTH’S SURFACE)

Question 19

What are the processes in the rock cycle (9)?

Answer 19

Compaction, cementation, high pressure, high temperature, melting, cooling, crystallization, weathering, and erosion.

Question 20

What are the observed processes in the rock cycle? What are the inferred and why?

Answer 20

Observed- Melting, cooling, crystallization, weathering, erosion
Inferred- Compaction, cementation, high temperature, high pressure (because they take too long and happen deep in the Earth)

Question 21

Rock are related directly to which Earth sphere?

Answer 21

The geosphere.

Question 22

What are the four types of sediment (NOT SEDIMENTARY ROCKS)?

Answer 22

1. Gravel,
2. Sand,
3. Silt,
4. Clay

Question 23

Where does sediment come from?

Answer 23

Sediment comes from solid rock exposed at the Earth’s surface (that is broken down very slowly by weathering).

Question 24

How does erosion occur?

Answer 24

Erosion occurs when sediment is moved by running water, wind, waves, or ice.

Question 25

What should you look for in a sedimentary rock to know it is sedimentary? (2)

Answer 25

It has layers, and has partially worn grains.

Question 26

What are igneous rocks made of?

Answer 26

Igneous rocks are made of minerals.

Question 27

How do you know a rock is igneous? (2)

Answer 27

It is very hard, and made of interlocking crystals.

Question 28

Where does a metamorphic rock usually change?

Answer 28

Below ground.

Question 29

What is the rock cycle?

Answer 29

The rock cycle is the combination of all the processes that act to BREAK DOWN ROCKS and PRODUCE NEW ROCK.

Question 30

Approximately how long does it take a rock to go through the rock cycle?

Answer 30

It takes approximately tens of thousands of years to many millions of years, or even longer.

Question 31

What is made up of loose pieces of minerals and rocks.

Answer 31

Sediment is made up of loose pieces of minerals and rocks.

Question 32

Solid rock is broken down slowly by what?

Answer 32

Solid rock is broken down slowly by weathering.

Question 33

How is sediment formed in the ocean?

Answer 33

Sediment is formed when water waves break down rocks.

Question 34

Which rock is mostly likely to have fossils found in it?

Answer 34

Sedimentary (heat in metamorphic rocks would destroy fossil, and melting in igneous rocks would destroy fossil as well).

Question 35

How does a fossil get stuck in a rock?

Answer 35

A fossil gets stuck in a rock when an animal dies on sediment and as time goes on, the animal gets buried by more layers of sediment. After time, all the pressure from the sediment compacts and cements the fossil.