Chapter 1 Resonation and Articulation Structures and Processes Flashcards
Resonation
the modification of laryngeal tone by selective dampening or enhancement of specific frequencies.
Resonant Frequency
the frequency is the frequency at which a cavity best vibrates and is dependent on the size and shape of the cavity.
resonators that modify laryngeal tone
pharynx, the nasal cavity, and oral cavity. larger the cavity lower the resonant frequency, smaller cavity is a higher resonant frequency
Pharynx
the throat, part of the upper airway, extending from the nasal cavity to the vocal folds. Located superiorly and posteriorly to the larynx. Shape is modified by the position of the tongue (forward or back) in the mouth and the vertical positioning of the larynx (high or low) in the neck
Nasal Cavity
three sounds used by nasal resonance m, n, and ing. During these sounds the the soft palate (velum) is relaxed and lowered, coupling the nasal and oral cavities, they are not separated from one another
Velum
the soft palate, is elevated and retracted for production of all other oral sounds. The raising and the retraction of the velum during the production of sounds help make contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall, separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The cavities are thus uncoupled and the sounds are produced primarily with oral resonance
Oral Cavity
primary resonating structure for all English sounds EXCEPT m, n, and ing.
Source Filter Theory of Vowel Production
AKA acoustic theory of vowel production, provides a widely accepted description of how the oral cavity is capable of producing speech sounds. Depicts the vocal tract as a series of linked tubes: oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, and the nasal cavity. These linked tubes help create the resonating cavity that help produce speech
Source
energy from the vibrating vocal folds
Filter
the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract
Production of speech
vocal folds generate a voicing source, the source is routed through the vocal tract, where it is shaped into speech sounds. Those speech sounds may be vowels when the source is phonation, and consonants when the sources include the turbulence of frication or combinations of turbulence and voicing.
Articulation
connection of moveable parts or the joining of two elements, may also imply to say something clearly.
the larynx produces sound that is shaped into speech. The sound travels through the pharynx and the oral cavity/nasal cavity for nasal sound. In the oral cavity, important structures modify the sound into specific sounds for speech. These structures include the pharynx, the soft palate, the hard palate, the mandible, the teeth, the tongue, the lips, and the cheeks.
Pharynx
divided into 3 segments,
Laryngopharynx: begins immediately superior to the larynx and the ends the base of the tongue
Oropharynx: extends up to the soft palate and is connected to the nasopharynx
Nasopharynx: ends where the two nasal cavities begin
Laryngopharynx and the Oropharynx add resonance to the sounds produced by the larynx. The nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance only to the nasals-,m, n, and ing
Muscles of the pharynx
most are innervated by the cranial nerve X and the cranial nerve XI via the pharyngeal plexus.
Pharyngeal Plexus
formed by the joining of the cranial nerves X and XI, it supplies the upper pharyngeal musculature
Salpingopharyngeus (X, XI)
elevates lateral pharyngeal wall and moves it medially
Stylopharyngeus (IX)
elevates and opens the pharynx
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor (X, XI)
constricts pharyngeal diameter, pulls pharyngeal wall forward
Middle Pharyngeal constrictor (X, XI)
narrows the diameter of the pharynx
Inferior Pharyngeal constrictor, criocopharyngeus (X, XI)
constricts superior orifice of esophagus
Inferior pharyngeal constictor, thyropharyngeus (X, XI)
reduces diameter of lower pharynx
Velum (soft pallet)
flexible muscular structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx, hangs from the hard palate. It is a dynamic structure of muscles that can be elevated or lowered. When lowered, there is coupling of the nasal and oral cavities for nasal sounds or quiet breathing through the nose. When raised and retracted, the muscles of the pharynx also move inward to meet the muscles of the soft palate, creating a sphincter like action, closing the nasal port.
Uvula
small, cone shaped structure at the tip of the velum.
Velopharyngeal Closure
muscles of the pharynx also move inward to meet the muscles of the soft palate, creating a sphincter like action, closing the nasal port.
Muscles of the Soft Palate
musculus uvulae, levator veli palatini, and the tensor veli palatini, the palatoglossus, and the palatopharyngeus muscles
musculus uvulae (X, XI)
embedded within the uvula, shortens velum
Levato veli palatini (X, XI)
primary elevator of velum
Tensor veli palatini (V)
tenses velum, dilates eustachian tube
Palatoglossus (X, XI)
also known as anterior faucial pillar, depresses velum, elevates the tongue
Palatopharyngeus (X, XI)
also known as posterior faucial pillar, narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may help elevate the larynx
Hard Palate
the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose, it is part of the maxillae.
Premaxilla
front portion of the maxillary bone, houses the 4 upper front teeth known as the incisors
Palatine Process
portion of the maxillary bone that forms 3/4 of the hard palate, it is the floor of the nasal cavity. Consists of 2 pieces of bone that grow and fuse at the midline during the fetal stage
Alveolar Process
the outer edges of the maxillary bone, houses the molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth
Palatine Bone
where the maxillary bone jones posteriorly, the horizontal plate of the palatine bone comprises the remaining quarter of the hard palate. The soft palate attaches to the palatine bone
Mandible
lower jaw, houses the lower teeth and forms the the floor of the mouth. It is formed by the fusion of 2 bones in the midpoint of the chin but is considered to be 1 bone in adults.
Symphysis
midpoint of the chin
Temporomandibular Joint
attaches the mandible to the temporal bone
Functions of the muscles in the Mandible
-serve 2 major functions: opening and closing of the mouthed chewing food. It is important for speech because it houses the lower teeth, serves as framework for the tongue and lower lip, and is the integral part of the oral cavity
-catagorized as either elevators or depressors
Masseter (V)
elevates the mandible, most powerful muscle of mastication, elevator
temporalis (V)
elevates the mandible, draws mandible back if protruded (retraction), elevator
Medial (internal) pterygoid (V)
Elevates mandible, protrudes mandible when contracted with lateral ptyergoid, elevator
Anterior belly of digastric (V)
depressor, depresses mandible in conjunction with the posterior belly of digastric, pulls hyoid forward, aids in retraction of mandible
Posterior belly of digastric (VII)
depressor, depresses mandible in conjunction with anterior belly of digastric, pulls hyoid back
lateral (external) pterygoid (V)
depressor, depresses and protrudes mandible
Geniohyoid (XII, C1)
depressors, depress mandible, aids in retraction of mandible
Mylohyoid
depressors, depresses mandible, aids in retraction of mandible
mastication
chewing
deciduous teeth
temporary teeth, usually appear between 6-, 9 months, babies normally have 20 deciduous teeth, 10 in each arch, of the 10, 4 are incisors, 2 canines and 4 molars
Adult teeth
adults have 32 teeth, 16 in each arch. Of the 16, 4 are incisors, 2 canine, and 4 are premolar, 6 are molars.
Occlusion
refers to the way the two dental arches come together when a person bites down. Considered normal if the upper and lower dental arches meet each other in a symmetrical manner, and if the individual teeth in the two arches are properly aligned.
malocclusions
include deviations in the positioning of individual teeth and the shape and relationship of the upper and lower dental arches
Tongue
necessary to articulate linguadentals (th), lingua-alveolars, and lingua palatals, The also constricts the air passage to create the friction needed to produce fricatives. Divided into 4 major parts: tip, blade, dorm, and root
Tip
thinnest and most flexible part of the tongue and plays an important role in articulation
blade
small region adjacent to the tip, in a resting position, it is the portion of the tongue that lies just inferior to the alveolar ridge
dorsum
large area of the tongue that lies in contact with both the hard and soft palates. This is the area of the tongue that is visible upon protrusion
root
very back and bottom portion of the tongue
lingual frenulum (aka frenum)
connects mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue, This band of tissue may stabilize the tongue during movement
Two types of tongue muscles
intrinsic and extrinsic, upon contraction, the tongue muscles perform important functions in articulation.
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
connect the tongue to a structure outside the tongue, named based on the structures they attach to. Responsible for gross movement of the tongue
Intrinsic Muscles of the tongue
responsible for fine movements
Superior longitudinal muscle (XII)
intrinsic muscle, shortens tongue, turns tip upward, assists in turning lateral margins upward
Inferior longitudinal muscle (XII)
intrinsic, shortens tongue, pulls tip downward, assists in retraction
transverse muscles (XII)
intrinsic, narrow and elongated tongue
Vertical Muscles (XII)
intrinsic, flatten tongue
Genioglossus (XII)
extrinsic, forms the bulk of the tongue, is able to retract the tongue, draw the tongue downward, draws entire tongue anteriorly to protrude tip or press tip against the alveolar ridge and teeth
forms the bulk of the tongue and allows it to move freely. It has both anterior and posterior fibers
Styloglossus (XII)
extrinsic, draws tongue up and back, may draw sides of tongue upward to help make dorsum concave
hyoglossus (XII)
extrinsic, retracts and depresses tongue, elevates hyoid bone
chondroglossus (XII)
extrinsic, depresses tongue, elevates hyoid bone
Palatoglossus
extrinsic, sometimes considered a muscle of the velum, helps elevate posterior portion of the tongue (but depresses velum)
Orbicularis Oris
primary muscles of the lips
Buccinator Muscle
primarily compose the cheeks, large flat muscle whose inner surface is covered with mucous membrane
Mentalis (VII)
pulls lower lip out, wrinkles and elevates chin
Platysma (VII)
Depresses mandible
Risorius (VII)
Retracts lips at corners
Buccinator (VII)
constructs oropharynx, moves food onto grinding surfaces of molars
Depressor labii inferioris (VII)
pulls lower lip down and out to dilate orifice
Depressor Anguli oris (triangularis) (VII)
helps to press lower and upper lips together, depresses corners of the mouth
Zygomatic minor (VII)
elevates upper lip, aids in lip suction
Zygomatic major (VII)
retracts and elevates angle of mouth
Orbicularis oris inferiors and superioris (VII)
pulls lips together, seals lips, serves as point of insertion for other muscles, interacts with other muscles to produce facial expressions, rounds lips
Levator anguli oris (VII)
draws corner of the mouth upward and medially
Levator labii superiors (VII)
elevates upper lip
levato labii superioris alaeque nasi (VII)
elevates upper lip and Ala of the nose, dilates the nose
