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Physcology 150 > Chapter 1: Practice Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Practice Test Flashcards

1
Q

the establishment of the 1st formal laboratory for research in psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

established the 1st American research laboratory in psychology

A

G. Stanley Hall

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3
Q

launched America’s 1st psychological journal

A

G. Stanley Hall

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4
Q

was the driving force behind the establishment of the American Psychological Association (APA)

A

G. Stanley Hall

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5
Q

which approach might William James criticize for examining frame by frame instead of seeing the motion in the motion picture?

A

structuralism

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6
Q

which approach might suggest that forgetting to pick his mother up at the airport was Henry’s unconscious way of saying that he did not welcome her visit?

A

psychoanalytic

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7
Q

Fred, a tennis coach, insists that he can make any reasonably healthy individual into an internationally competitive tennis player. Fred is echoing the thoughts of who?

A

John B. Watson

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8
Q

Who said “free will is an illusion”

A

B.F. Skinner

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9
Q

Which approach is the has the most optimistic view of human nature?

A

humanism

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10
Q

What historical event created a demand for clinicians that was far greater than the supply?

A

World War II

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11
Q

What is important in the interest of the positive psychology movement?

A

positive institutions and communities
positive subjective experiences
positive individual traits

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12
Q

The study of the endocrine system and genetic mechanisms wold most likely be undertaken by a:

A

physiological psychologist

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13
Q

The fact that psychologists do not all agree about the nature and development of personality demonstrates:

A

that there are many ways of looking at the same phenonmenon

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14
Q

A multifactorial causation approach to behavior suggest that

A

most behavior is governed by a complex network of interrelated factors

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15
Q

psychology’s answer to the question of whether we are born or made tends to be:

A

we are both born and made

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16
Q

In regard to changing answers on multiple-choice tests, research indicates that ________ changes tend to be more common than other types of changes.

A

wrong to right

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17
Q

need to be deliberately taught, because they often do not develop by themselves with standard content instruction.

A

critical thinking skills

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18
Q

Psychology comes from 2 Greek words

A

psyche - meaning soul

logos - referring to the study of a subject

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19
Q

Psychology’s intellectual parents were the disciplines of

A

physiology and philosophy

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20
Q

founder of psychology

A

Wihelm Wundt

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21
Q

who declared that psychology’s primary focus was consciousness

A

Wihelm Wundt

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22
Q

the awareness of immediate experience

A

consciousness

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23
Q

according to Wundt was the scientific study of conscious experience

A

psychology

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24
Q

1st president of the APA

A

G. Stanley Hall

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25
Q

based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into it’s basic elements and investigate how these elements are related.

A

structuralism

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26
Q

Edward Titchner led the development of what school of thought in psychology.

A

structuralism

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27
Q

________ was used to examine the contents of consciousness,

A

introspection

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28
Q

the careful, systemic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience

A

introspection

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29
Q

the person or animal being studied

A

subject

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30
Q

based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than it’s structure

A

functionalism

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31
Q

____________, an American scholar, led the development of functionalism.

A

William James

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32
Q

wrote Principles of Psychology, perhaps the most influential text in the history of psychology

A

William James

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33
Q

heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed onto subsequent generations and thus to become “selected” over time.

A

natural selection

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34
Q

“stream of consciousness”

A

William James

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35
Q

his work on how people acquired habits laid the groundwork for progress in the study of learning

A

William James

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36
Q

his conception of the “self” is the foundation for subsequent theories of personality

A

William James

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37
Q

_________ began to investigate mental testing patterns of development in children, the effectiveness of education practices, and behavioral differences between the sexes.

A

Functionalists

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38
Q

Functionalism fostered the development of what

A

behaviorism

applied psychology

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39
Q

1st woman APA president, but not a doctor

A

Mary Whilton Calkins

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40
Q

founded the psychology lab at Wellesly

A

Mary Whilton Calkins

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41
Q

invented a widely used technique for studying memory

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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42
Q

1st woman to receive a PHD in psychology

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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43
Q

2nd woman president of the APA

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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44
Q

the author of Animal Mind which served as a impetus for the emergence of behaviorism

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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45
Q

did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children

A

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

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46
Q

coined the term “gifted to refer to youngsters who scored exceptionally high on intelligence tests

A

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

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47
Q

debunked theories of women’s inferiority to men

A

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

48
Q

Austrian physician whose approach grew out of efforts to treat mental disorders

A

Freud

49
Q

contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that none the less exert great influence on behavior

A

unconscious

i.e. freudian slips, dreams

50
Q

attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

A

psychoanalytic theory

51
Q

Who said people are not the master’s of their minds

A

Freud

52
Q

Who said that behavior is greatly influenced by now people cope with their sexual urges?

A

Freud

53
Q

Freud gradually won acceptance in the medical field, attracting prominent followers such as

A

Carl Jung

Alfred Adler

54
Q

_____________ ideas slowly came to be accepted and influenced thought in medicine, the arts, and literature.

A

Physoanalytic

55
Q

______________ became so popular it almost eclipsed psychology entirely.

A

psychoanalytic theory

56
Q

founded behaviorism

A

John B. Watson

57
Q

a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

A

behaviorism

58
Q

proposed to abandon the study of consciousness altogether

A

John B. Watson

59
Q

any overt (observable) response to activity by an organism

A

behavior

60
Q

Watson was an outspoken critic of ______ views.

A

Freud’s

61
Q

Watson believed in _____ over _____.

A

nuture over nature

62
Q

Watson believed that scientific method rested on the idea of __________

A

verifiability

63
Q

the power depends on studying things that can be observed objectively

A

verifiability

64
Q

Who contributed greatly to the strong environmental slant that became associated with behaviorism.

A

John B Watson

65
Q

Behavioral approach is often referred to as

A

Stimulus - response psychology (S-R)

66
Q

over behaviors (_____________) to observable events in the environment (_____________)

A

responses, stimuli

67
Q

who began studying animals as subjects rather than people.

A

John B Watson

68
Q

who was the 1st pop psychologist?

A

John B Watson

69
Q

who pioneered fear appeals, testimonials, selling the “prestige” of products and promotion of style over substance?

A

John B Watson

70
Q

Who championed Watson’s view on observable behavior over Freud’s theory of psychoanalytic theory?

A

B.F. Skinner

71
Q

B. F. Skinner believed environmental factors _________.

A

mold behavior

72
Q

Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative responses.

A

Fundamental Principle of Behavior by B.F. Skinner

73
Q

Who said “people are controlled by their environment, not by themselves”?

A

B.F. Skinner

74
Q

______________ was an operant conditioning device that allowed a scientist to exert remarkable control over the behavior of the animals by manipulating the outcomes of their responses.

A

Skinner boxes

75
Q

In the 1950’s those who found behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory unappealing founded the ______ theory.

A

humanism

76
Q

Members of society found behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory unappealing because they were ________..

A

dehumanizing

77
Q

theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for growth.

A

humanism

78
Q

belief that we are so fundamentally different than animals, studying them was irrellavent

A

humanism

79
Q

Principal Contributors of Behavioral Psychology

A

John B Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner

80
Q

Principal Contributors of Psychoanalytic Psychology

A

Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler

81
Q

Principal Contributors of Humanistic Psychology

A

Carl Rogers

Abraham Maslow

82
Q

Principal Contributors of Cognitive Psychology

A

Jean Piaget
Noam Chomsky
Herbert Simon

83
Q

Principal Contributors of Biological/Neuroscience Psychology

A

James Olds
Roger Sperry
David Hubel
Torsten Wiesel

84
Q

Principal Contributors of Evolutionary Psychology

A 
David Buss
Martin Daly
Margo Wilson
Leda Cosmides
John Tooby
85
Q

Only observable event (stimulus-response relations) can be studied scientifically

A

behavioral psychology

86
Q

unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders

A

psychoanalytic psychology

87
Q

humans are free, rational beings with potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals

A

humanistic psychology

88
Q

human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information

A

cognitive psychology

89
Q

an organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and bio-chemical processes that underlie behavior.

A

biological/neuroscience psychology

90
Q

behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success

A

evolutionary psychology

91
Q

evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals

A

evolutionary psychology

92
Q

physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals

A

biological/neurological psychology

93
Q

thoughts; mental processes

A

cognitive psychology

94
Q

unique aspects of human experience

A

humanistic psychology

95
Q

unconscious determinants of behavior

A

psychoanalytic psychology

96
Q

effects of environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals

A

behavioral psychology

97
Q

“in the traditional view, a person is free…He can therefore be held responsible for what he does and justly punished if he offends. That view, together with its associated practices must be reexamined when a scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment.

A

B.F. Skinner

98
Q

“I do not have a pollyanna view of human nature… Yet one of the most refreshing and invigorating parts of my experience is to work with (my clients) and to discover the strongly positive directional tendencies which exist in them, as in all of us, at the deepest levels”

A

Carl Rogers

99
Q

” our conclusion is that we have no real evidence of the inheritance of traits. I would feel perfectly confident in the ultimately favorable outcome of careful upbringing of a healthy, well-formed baby born of a long line of crooks, murderers and thieves, and prostitutes.

A

John B Watson

100
Q

To fully understand people’s behavior, psychologists must take into account the fundamental human drive toward personal growth.

A

humanism

101
Q

the humanists’ greatest contribution to psychology has probably been their____________.

A

innovative treatments for psychological problems and disorders.
i.e. Car Rogers person-centered therapy

102
Q

the branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems

A

applied psychology

103
Q

the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

A

clinical psychology

104
Q

During WWII many academic psychologists were pressed into service as _______. They were needed to screen military recruits and treat soldiers suffering from trauma.

A

clinicians

105
Q

Some 40,000 American veterans returned to seek postwar treatment in VA hospitals for their psychological scars. The VA stepped in to ________________.

A

finance many new training programs in clinical psychology.

106
Q

WWII was a ____________ in the history of clinical psychology, receiving enormous institutional support for the 1st time.

A

watershed

107
Q

A rift that developed between the research arm and professional arm of psychology caused a rift spurring the creation of what new organization?

A

Association for Psychological Science (APS)

serves exclusively as an advocate for the science of psychology

108
Q

The vast majority of psychologists used to be almost exclusively academics, how the vast majority of today’s psychologists devote some of their time to __________.

A

providing professional services

109
Q

the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

A

cognition

110
Q

since 1975, there have been more articles written about _____ psychology than any other.

A

Cognition

111
Q

______ showed electrical stimulation of the brain could evoke emotional responses such as pleasure and rage in animals.

A

James Olds

112
Q

_____ showed that the right and left halves of the brain are specialized to handle different types of mental tasks. He won a nobel prize for his work.

A

Roger Sperry

113
Q

_____ and _____ won a nobel prize for their work on how visual signals are precessed in the brain.

A

David Hubel

Torsten Wiesel

114
Q

Western psychologists have paid scant attention to how well their theories and research might apply to non-Western cultures, ________, or even women as opposed to men.

A

to ethnic minorities in western cultures

115
Q

In recent years western psychologists have begun to recognize that their neglect of ___________ has diminished the value of their work.

A

cultural variables

116
Q

Increased attention to culture as a determinant of behavior is attributable to _______________ and ____________.

A
  1. advances in communication, travel, and international trade have “shrunk” the world an increased global interdependence
  2. the ethnic makeup of the western world has become increasingly diverse
117
Q

examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations

A

evolutionary psychology

Physcology 150 (3 decks)

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