Chapter 1: Practice Test Flashcards
the establishment of the 1st formal laboratory for research in psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
established the 1st American research laboratory in psychology
G. Stanley Hall
launched America’s 1st psychological journal
G. Stanley Hall
was the driving force behind the establishment of the American Psychological Association (APA)
G. Stanley Hall
which approach might William James criticize for examining frame by frame instead of seeing the motion in the motion picture?
structuralism
which approach might suggest that forgetting to pick his mother up at the airport was Henry’s unconscious way of saying that he did not welcome her visit?
psychoanalytic
Fred, a tennis coach, insists that he can make any reasonably healthy individual into an internationally competitive tennis player. Fred is echoing the thoughts of who?
John B. Watson
Who said “free will is an illusion”
B.F. Skinner
Which approach is the has the most optimistic view of human nature?
humanism
What historical event created a demand for clinicians that was far greater than the supply?
World War II
What is important in the interest of the positive psychology movement?
positive institutions and communities
positive subjective experiences
positive individual traits
The study of the endocrine system and genetic mechanisms wold most likely be undertaken by a:
physiological psychologist
The fact that psychologists do not all agree about the nature and development of personality demonstrates:
that there are many ways of looking at the same phenonmenon
A multifactorial causation approach to behavior suggest that
most behavior is governed by a complex network of interrelated factors
psychology’s answer to the question of whether we are born or made tends to be:
we are both born and made
In regard to changing answers on multiple-choice tests, research indicates that ________ changes tend to be more common than other types of changes.
wrong to right
need to be deliberately taught, because they often do not develop by themselves with standard content instruction.
critical thinking skills
Psychology comes from 2 Greek words
psyche - meaning soul
logos - referring to the study of a subject
Psychology’s intellectual parents were the disciplines of
physiology and philosophy
founder of psychology
Wihelm Wundt
who declared that psychology’s primary focus was consciousness
Wihelm Wundt
the awareness of immediate experience
consciousness
according to Wundt was the scientific study of conscious experience
psychology
1st president of the APA
G. Stanley Hall
based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into it’s basic elements and investigate how these elements are related.
structuralism
Edward Titchner led the development of what school of thought in psychology.
structuralism
________ was used to examine the contents of consciousness,
introspection
the careful, systemic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience
introspection
the person or animal being studied
subject
based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than it’s structure
functionalism
____________, an American scholar, led the development of functionalism.
William James
wrote Principles of Psychology, perhaps the most influential text in the history of psychology
William James
heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed onto subsequent generations and thus to become “selected” over time.
natural selection
“stream of consciousness”
William James
his work on how people acquired habits laid the groundwork for progress in the study of learning
William James
his conception of the “self” is the foundation for subsequent theories of personality
William James
_________ began to investigate mental testing patterns of development in children, the effectiveness of education practices, and behavioral differences between the sexes.
Functionalists
Functionalism fostered the development of what
behaviorism
applied psychology
1st woman APA president, but not a doctor
Mary Whilton Calkins
founded the psychology lab at Wellesly
Mary Whilton Calkins
invented a widely used technique for studying memory
Mary Whiton Calkins
1st woman to receive a PHD in psychology
Margaret Floy Washburn
2nd woman president of the APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
the author of Animal Mind which served as a impetus for the emergence of behaviorism
Margaret Floy Washburn
did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
coined the term “gifted to refer to youngsters who scored exceptionally high on intelligence tests
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
debunked theories of women’s inferiority to men
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
Austrian physician whose approach grew out of efforts to treat mental disorders
Freud
contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that none the less exert great influence on behavior
unconscious
i.e. freudian slips, dreams
attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
psychoanalytic theory
Who said people are not the master’s of their minds
Freud
Who said that behavior is greatly influenced by now people cope with their sexual urges?
Freud
Freud gradually won acceptance in the medical field, attracting prominent followers such as
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
_____________ ideas slowly came to be accepted and influenced thought in medicine, the arts, and literature.
Physoanalytic
______________ became so popular it almost eclipsed psychology entirely.
psychoanalytic theory
founded behaviorism
John B. Watson
a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
behaviorism
proposed to abandon the study of consciousness altogether
John B. Watson
any overt (observable) response to activity by an organism
behavior
Watson was an outspoken critic of ______ views.
Freud’s
Watson believed in _____ over _____.
nuture over nature
Watson believed that scientific method rested on the idea of __________
verifiability
the power depends on studying things that can be observed objectively
verifiability
Who contributed greatly to the strong environmental slant that became associated with behaviorism.
John B Watson
Behavioral approach is often referred to as
Stimulus - response psychology (S-R)
over behaviors (_____________) to observable events in the environment (_____________)
responses, stimuli
who began studying animals as subjects rather than people.
John B Watson
who was the 1st pop psychologist?
John B Watson
who pioneered fear appeals, testimonials, selling the “prestige” of products and promotion of style over substance?
John B Watson
Who championed Watson’s view on observable behavior over Freud’s theory of psychoanalytic theory?
B.F. Skinner
B. F. Skinner believed environmental factors _________.
mold behavior
Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative responses.
Fundamental Principle of Behavior by B.F. Skinner
Who said “people are controlled by their environment, not by themselves”?
B.F. Skinner
______________ was an operant conditioning device that allowed a scientist to exert remarkable control over the behavior of the animals by manipulating the outcomes of their responses.
Skinner boxes
In the 1950’s those who found behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory unappealing founded the ______ theory.
humanism
Members of society found behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory unappealing because they were ________..
dehumanizing
theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for growth.
humanism
belief that we are so fundamentally different than animals, studying them was irrellavent
humanism
Principal Contributors of Behavioral Psychology
John B Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Principal Contributors of Psychoanalytic Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Principal Contributors of Humanistic Psychology
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Principal Contributors of Cognitive Psychology
Jean Piaget
Noam Chomsky
Herbert Simon
Principal Contributors of Biological/Neuroscience Psychology
James Olds
Roger Sperry
David Hubel
Torsten Wiesel
Principal Contributors of Evolutionary Psychology
David Buss Martin Daly Margo Wilson Leda Cosmides John Tooby
Only observable event (stimulus-response relations) can be studied scientifically
behavioral psychology
unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders
psychoanalytic psychology
humans are free, rational beings with potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals
humanistic psychology
human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information
cognitive psychology
an organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and bio-chemical processes that underlie behavior.
biological/neuroscience psychology
behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success
evolutionary psychology
evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals
evolutionary psychology
physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals
biological/neurological psychology
thoughts; mental processes
cognitive psychology
unique aspects of human experience
humanistic psychology
unconscious determinants of behavior
psychoanalytic psychology
effects of environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals
behavioral psychology
“in the traditional view, a person is free…He can therefore be held responsible for what he does and justly punished if he offends. That view, together with its associated practices must be reexamined when a scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment.
B.F. Skinner
“I do not have a pollyanna view of human nature… Yet one of the most refreshing and invigorating parts of my experience is to work with (my clients) and to discover the strongly positive directional tendencies which exist in them, as in all of us, at the deepest levels”
Carl Rogers
” our conclusion is that we have no real evidence of the inheritance of traits. I would feel perfectly confident in the ultimately favorable outcome of careful upbringing of a healthy, well-formed baby born of a long line of crooks, murderers and thieves, and prostitutes.
John B Watson
To fully understand people’s behavior, psychologists must take into account the fundamental human drive toward personal growth.
humanism
the humanists’ greatest contribution to psychology has probably been their____________.
innovative treatments for psychological problems and disorders.
i.e. Car Rogers person-centered therapy
the branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems
applied psychology
the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
clinical psychology
During WWII many academic psychologists were pressed into service as _______. They were needed to screen military recruits and treat soldiers suffering from trauma.
clinicians
Some 40,000 American veterans returned to seek postwar treatment in VA hospitals for their psychological scars. The VA stepped in to ________________.
finance many new training programs in clinical psychology.
WWII was a ____________ in the history of clinical psychology, receiving enormous institutional support for the 1st time.
watershed
A rift that developed between the research arm and professional arm of psychology caused a rift spurring the creation of what new organization?
Association for Psychological Science (APS)
serves exclusively as an advocate for the science of psychology
The vast majority of psychologists used to be almost exclusively academics, how the vast majority of today’s psychologists devote some of their time to __________.
providing professional services
the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
cognition
since 1975, there have been more articles written about _____ psychology than any other.
Cognition
______ showed electrical stimulation of the brain could evoke emotional responses such as pleasure and rage in animals.
James Olds
_____ showed that the right and left halves of the brain are specialized to handle different types of mental tasks. He won a nobel prize for his work.
Roger Sperry
_____ and _____ won a nobel prize for their work on how visual signals are precessed in the brain.
David Hubel
Torsten Wiesel
Western psychologists have paid scant attention to how well their theories and research might apply to non-Western cultures, ________, or even women as opposed to men.
to ethnic minorities in western cultures
In recent years western psychologists have begun to recognize that their neglect of ___________ has diminished the value of their work.
cultural variables
Increased attention to culture as a determinant of behavior is attributable to _______________ and ____________.
- advances in communication, travel, and international trade have “shrunk” the world an increased global interdependence
- the ethnic makeup of the western world has become increasingly diverse
examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations
evolutionary psychology
