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Plant Physiology > CHAPTER 1: Plant and Cell Architecture > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: Plant and Cell Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

fundamental organizational unit of plants and all other living
organisms.

A

cell

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2
Q

Latin word which means “storeroom” or “chamber.”

A

cella

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3
Q

It was first used in biology in 1665 by the English scientist _____ to describe the individual units of the honeycomb- like structure he observed in cork under a compound microscope.

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

The cork “cells” Hooke observed were actually the______ surrounded by cell walls, but the term is an apt one, because cells are the basic building blocks that define plant structure.

A

empty lumens of dead cells

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5
Q

Plant Life: Unifying Principles (7)

A

-Producers
-Nonmotile

Mechanism (terrestrial)
-Grow toward the gravity (geostrophic)
-Avoid desiccation
-Moving (water, minerals and products)

Photoautotrophic
non-motile
highly organized

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6
Q

Terrestrial plants are structurally reinforced to support their mass as they grow toward sunlight against the

A

pull of gravity

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7
Q

Terrestrial plants lose water continuously by evaporation and have evolved mechanisms for avoiding

A

desiccation

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8
Q

Plants growth and development is largely reliant on the availability of the basic requirements for their photoautotrophic life which includes the (4)

A

light
water
minerals
carbon dioxide

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9
Q

occurs within their body as
organic molecules are synthesized or broken down in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical processes.

A

Endergonic and exergonic energy exchange

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10
Q

branch of science that deals with plant functions encompassing plant growth, metabolism and reproduction.

A

Plant Physiology

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11
Q

unravels the relationships and
interactions among various plant processes that underlie plant response, as a whole, to its
growth environment

A

Plant Physiology

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12
Q

is the study of the macroscopic arrangements of cells and tissues
within organs, and plant cell biology is the study of the organelles and other small components that make up each cell.

A

Plant anatomy

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13
Q

two categories of seed plants:

A

gymnosperms
angiosperms

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14
Q

angiosperms (based on the Greek for

A

vessel seed

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15
Q

gymnosperms (from the Greek for

A

naked seed

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16
Q

____ are the less advanced type; about ___ species are known. The largest group of gymnosperms is the ______, which include such commercially important forest trees as__, ___, ___, and ___.

A

Gymnosperms
700
conifers (“cone-bearers”)
pine, fir, spruce, redwood

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17
Q

____, the more advanced type of seed plant, dominate the landscape today. About ____ species are known, but many more remain to be characterized. The major innovation of the angiosperms is the ____

A

Angiosperms
250,000
flower

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18
Q

Despite their apparent diversity, all seed plants have the same basic body plan. The vegetative body is composed of three organs:

A

leaf, stem, and root

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19
Q

Function:
leaf-
stem-
root-

A

leaf- photosynthesis
stem- support
root- anchorage and absorption

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20
Q

Leaves are attached to the stem at

A

nodes

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21
Q

the region of the stem between two nodes is termed the

A

internode

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22
Q

The stem together with its leaves is commonly referred to as the

A

shoot

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23
Q

Furthermore, higher terrestrial plants have

A

shoot systems
root systems

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24
Q

Difference between

shoot systems
root systems

A

shoot systems- aerial photosynthetic part
root systems- main absorptive and anchorage
system

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25
Q

A leaf is made up of a number of tissues that include the (3)

A

epidermis
mesophyll layer
vascular tissue

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26
Q

Leaves main function for photosynthesis happens mainly on the

A

mesophyll layer

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27
Q

Mesophyll layer is separated into

A

-palisade layer
-spongy layer

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28
Q

packed upper ground tissues of mesophyll layer

A

palisade layer

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29
Q

loosely arranged lower ground tissue of mesophyll of plant is called the

A

spongy layer

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30
Q

structure of palisade cells that allows them to contain more chloroplasts

A

elongated and cylindrical shape

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31
Q

chloroplasts per palisade cell

A

70%

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32
Q

Arrangement of palisade cell that makes them absorb more light that is required for photosynthesis.

A

close proximity

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33
Q

not well suited for photosynthesis processes because they do not receive enough sunlight

A

spongy cell

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34
Q

The loose arrangement of spongy layer is ideal for

A

gaseous exchange

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35
Q

higher terrestrial plants also contain three main plant tissues such as the

A

dermal tissue
vascular tissue
ground tissue

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36
Q

Dermal Tissues (Surface) (2)
Ground Tissues (Fundamental) (3)
Vascular Tissues (2)

A

Dermal Tissues (Surface) (2)
-Epidermis
-Periderm

Ground Tissues (Fundamental) (3)
-Parenchyma
-Collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma

Vascular Tissues (2)
-Xylem
-Phloem

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37
Q

commonly referred to as the “skin” of plants

A

dermal tissue

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38
Q

plant tissue that aid in gaseous exchange between plants and their environment

A

dermal tissue

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39
Q

____these cells are often flattened, tile-like, usually transparent, lack chlorophyll and coated by
waxy substance called___

A

Epidermis

cuticle

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40
Q

Cuticle is made up of

A

cutin
wax

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41
Q

complex plant tissue and the outermost layer of cells in all plant organs

A

Epidermis

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42
Q

Epidermis is important for increasing the ______ in root hairs

A

absorptive surface area

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43
Q

Difference of epidermis and periderm in terms of
-shape

A

Epidermis-flattened, tile-like
Periderm-semi-rectangular and boxlike

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44
Q

specialized cells found in epidermis (3)

A

guard cells, trichomes
epidermal hairs
root hairs

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45
Q

unique epidermal because they are of a different shape and
contain chloroplasts; cells surround the stomata

A

Guard cells

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46
Q

epidermal outgrowths that differ in form in different plants; help regulate heat and water balance of leaves

A

Trichomes or Epidermal hairs

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47
Q

located near the tips of roots; help absorb water and minerals
from soil; increase absorptive area of roots

A

Root hairs

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48
Q

It is the outermost layer of bark and dead at maturity

A

Periderm

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49
Q

Periderm replaces epidermis in stems and roots undergoing

A

secondary growth

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50
Q

Three basic functions of Ground Tissue

A
  • storage
  • basic metabolism
  • support
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51
Q

most abundant type of cells in plants and found in in almost all major parts of higher
plants; comprise most of the edible portions of fruit

A

parenchyma

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52
Q

Shape of
-parenchyma
-collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma

A

-have thin walls, large vacuoles and spherical in shape
-elongated and have unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary walls and lack
secondary walls
-rigid, thick and with lignified, non-stretchable secondary walls

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53
Q

have thin walls, large vacuoles (which contains various secretions such as starch, oils,
tannins and crystals) and spherical in shape
▪ have only primary walls

A

Parenchyma

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54
Q

Parenchyma is the site of basic functions: (4)

A

food and water storage
photosynthesis
water movement
food transportation

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55
Q

parenchyma cells that have many chloroplasts, found in leaves

A

chlorenchyma

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56
Q

some groups of parenchyma cells that are loosely packed
together with connected air spaces. E.g. water lilies

A

Aerenchyma tissue

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57
Q

can divide if they are mature (“living in maturity”; vital in repairing damage to plant
tissues)

A

Parenchyma

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58
Q

typically elongated and have unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary walls and lack
secondary walls

A

Collenchyma

59
Q

provide support in the growing region of plants, forming strands or continuous
cylinders beneath the dermal tissue of stems and leaf stalk and along veins in leaves,
especially in nonwoody plants

A

Collenchyma

60
Q

Ground Tissue that is also “living in maturity”

A

Collenchyma

61
Q

Ground Tissue that does not contain living protoplast when mature = “dead at maturity”

A

Sclerenchyma

62
Q

rigid, thick and with lignified, non-stretchable secondary walls

A

Sclerenchyma

63
Q

found in any or all parts of the primary and secondary plant bodies

mainly support and strength to plant parts

A

Sclerenchyma

64
Q

The secondary walls of this ground tissue are usually impregnated with a complex polysaccharide called

A

lignin

65
Q

Sclerenchyma is classified as (2)

A

sclereids and fibers

66
Q

variable in shapes and often branched, relatively short compared; found singly or in small groups throughout the ground tissue

A

Sclereids

67
Q

long and slender cells as strands or bundles; e.g. linen comes from the woven strands of fibers, ropes and cords come from hard fibers of Manila hemp (abaca) and other textiles

A

Fibers

68
Q

specialized tissues that transport water and dissolved solutes

A

Vascular Tissues

69
Q

What they transport
Xylem-
Phloem-

A

Xylem- water
Phloem-food/nutrients

70
Q

Xylem
- water and dissolved substances are conducted ____ through the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of the plant body

A

upward

71
Q

made of dead cells at maturity

A

Xylem

72
Q

conducting cells in xylem

A

Xylary elements

73
Q

Xylary elements (2)

A

Tracheids- pitted cell walls
Vessel Elements-wider

74
Q

mostly are barrel-shaped; perforated; relatively shorter and
wider than tracheids and serve chiefly for conduction; perforation plates at the end walls where the vessel elements joined end-to-end to form long, continuous columns known as vessels

A

Vessel Elements

75
Q

functions for strength and conduction with pitted cell walls; only type of water-conducting cells in most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms

A

Tracheids

76
Q

Principal food-conducting tissue
▪ conducts dissolved organic materials (sugar from photosynthesis, lipids, amino acids,
micronutrients, hormones, floral stimulus (florigen), proteins and RNAs) from leaves
to other plant parts

A

Phloem

77
Q

Phloem is composed of

A

“still-living” cells

78
Q

chief function is conduction

A

Phloem

79
Q

conducting elements of phloem

A

Sieve elements

80
Q

Sieve elements (2)

A

Sieve cells
Sieve tubes

81
Q

long, narrow with tapered, overlapping ends; occur mostly in
nonflowering plants (gymnosperms)

A

Sieve cells

82
Q

shorter and wider; vertically elongated rows of
cylindrical cells with perforated end walls (sieve plate); have living protoplasts at maturity; occur in angiosperms

A

Sieve tubes

83
Q

parenchyma cells associated with sieve tubes which
help regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates

A

Companion cells

84
Q

However, all plant cells have the same basic eukaryotic organization: They contain (4)

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
subcellular organelles
enclosed in a membrane

85
Q

An additional characteristic feature of plant cells is that they are surrounded by a

A

cellulosic cell wall

86
Q

Phospholipid Bilayers That Contain Proteins

A

Biological Membranes

87
Q

Plasma Membrane
▪ also called

A

plasmalemma

88
Q

-allows the cell to take up and retain certain substances while excluding others
-selective traffic of solutes across the membrane
-regulate
the fluxes of ions and metabolites into and out of these compartments

A

plasma membrane

89
Q

-all biological membranes have the same basic molecular organization
- consist of a double layer (bilayer)
-proteins make up about half of the membrane’s mass

A

Fluid-mosaic model

90
Q

consist of a double layer (bilayer) of either phospholipids or, in the case of chloroplasts, ____ in which proteins are embedded

A

glycosylglycerides

91
Q

class of lipids in which two fatty acids are covalently linked to
glycerol, which is covalently linked to a phosphate group;

A

phospholipids

92
Q

fatty acid chain that usually has one or more cis double bonds

A

unsaturated fat

93
Q

proteins associated with the lipid bilayer are of three types

A

-integral
-peripheral
-anchored

94
Q

Protein lipid bilayer
-integral
-peripheral
-anchored

A

Integral- outside the cell, hydrophobic core of the membrane and interior of the cell, the cytosol

Peripheral- bound to
the membrane surface by noncovalent bonds, such as ionic bonds or hydrogen bonds

Anchored-bound to the membrane surface via lipid molecules, covalently attached.

95
Q

the organelle that contains the genetic information primarily responsible for regulating
the metabolism, growth, and differentiation of the cell

A

nucleus

96
Q

genes and their intervening sequences are referred to as the

A

nuclear genome

97
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called _____; space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope is called the ______, and the two
membranes of the nuclear envelope join at sites called _____

A

nuclear envelope
perinuclear space
nuclear pores

98
Q

specific amino acid sequence; is required for a protein to gain entry into the nucleus

A

nuclear localization signal

99
Q

DNA-protein complex is collectively known as

A

chromatin

100
Q

Nucleus is the site of storage and replication of the

A

chromosomes

101
Q

densely granular region; site of ribosome synthesis

A

nucleolus

102
Q

sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

103
Q

elaborate network of internal membranes

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

104
Q

membranes of the ER are typical lipid bilayers with interspersed integral and peripheral proteins; these membranes form flattened or tubular sacs known as

A

cisternae

105
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) shape
Rough ER
Smooth ER

A

Rough ER-lamellar
Smooth ER-tubular

106
Q

major site of lipid synthesis and
membrane assembly

A

Smooth ER

107
Q

Network of Internal Membranes

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

108
Q

___ and ___ for Secretion Are Processed in the Golgi Apparatus

A

Proteins and Polysaccharides

109
Q

Golgi Apparatus is a dynamic structure consisting of ____ stacks of ____ flattened membrane
sacs, or cisternae, and an irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the trans Golgi network (TGN);

A

one or more
three to ten

110
Q

irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the

A

trans Golgi network (TGN)

111
Q

each individual stack is called a Golgi body ____

A

dictyosome

112
Q

Golgi plays a key role in the synthesis and secretion of complex ____ and in the assembly of the ____ side chains of glycoproteins

A

polysaccharides
oligosaccharide

113
Q

plays an important role in cell wall formation; non-cellulosic cell wall
polysaccharides (hemicellulose and pectin) are synthesized, and a variety of glycoproteins, including hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins,

A

Golgi Apparatus

114
Q

derived from the Golgi carry the polysaccharides and
glycoproteins to the plasma membrane,

A

secretory vesicles

115
Q

Contains Water and Solutes

A

Central Vacuole

116
Q

Vacuoles can occupy ____ of the total volume of the cell

A

80 to 90%

117
Q

each vacuole is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane or

A

tonoplast

118
Q

small provacuoles is produced by

A

trans Golgi network

119
Q

specialized protein-storing vacuoles; abundant in seeds

A

protein bodies

120
Q

storage of hydrolytic enzymes; fuse with the protein bodies to initiate the breakdown process

A

lytic vacuoles

121
Q

Sites of Energy Conversion

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

122
Q

cellular sites of respiration, a process in which the energy released from sugar
metabolism is used for the synthesis of ATP

A

Mitochondria

123
Q

infoldings of the inner membrane

A

cristae

124
Q

compartment enclosed by the inner membrane; contains the
enzymes of the pathway of intermediary metabolism called the Krebs cycle

A

mitochondrial matrix

125
Q

group of double membrane-enclosed organelles that contains materials commonly
associated with pigments and organic molecules

A

Plastids

126
Q

lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoids;

A

Chromoplast

127
Q

nonpigmented plastids, which store a variety of energy sources
in non-photosynthetic tissues

A

Leucoplast

128
Q

Leucoplast

▪ Amyloplasts –
▪ Elaioplasts –
▪ Proteinoplasts –

A

▪ Amyloplasts – a type of leucoplast that stores starch
▪ Elaioplasts – a type of leucoplast that stores lipids
▪ Proteinoplasts – a type of leucoplast that contain crystalline bodies of
proteins

129
Q

major site of photosynthesis and lipid synthesis which contains
the green pigment known as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b on its membranes

A

Chloroplast

130
Q

Chloroplasts belong to another group of double membrane–enclosed organelles called

A

plastids

131
Q

chloroplasts possess a third system of membranes called

A

thylakoids

132
Q

chloroplasts contain a three-membrane system

A

outer membrane,
inner membrane and thylakoids;

133
Q

contains porins = freely permeable to small molecules

A

outer membrane

134
Q

impermeable to ions and metabolites = restricts the
passage of molecules between the cytosol and the interior organelle

A

inner membrane

135
Q

central importance in chloroplasts, where it fills the
role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP

A

thylakoid membrane

136
Q

these three membranes divide chloroplasts into three distinct internal compartments:

A
  • intermembrane space
  • stroma
    -thylakoid lumen
137
Q

– stack of thylakoids form

o adjacent grana are connected by unstacked membranes called ____

A

granum

stroma
lamellae

138
Q

fluid compartment surrounding the thylakoids

A

stroma

139
Q

Two types of energy producing organelles

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

140
Q

Biological membranes are phospholipid by layers that contain

A

Proteins

141
Q

_____ and ____ for secretion are processing the Golgi apparatus

A

Proteins and polysaccharide

142
Q

The central vacuole contains

A

Water in salutes

143
Q

Then the plastic reticulum is a

A

Network of internal membranes

144
Q

Sites of energy conservation

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

Plant Physiology (4 decks)

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