CHAPTER 1: Plant and Cell Architecture Flashcards
1
Q
fundamental organizational unit of plants and all other living
organisms.
A
cell
2
Q
Latin word which means “storeroom” or “chamber.”
A
cella
3
Q
It was first used in biology in 1665 by the English scientist _____ to describe the individual units of the honeycomb- like structure he observed in cork under a compound microscope.
A
Robert Hooke
4
Q
The cork “cells” Hooke observed were actually the______ surrounded by cell walls, but the term is an apt one, because cells are the basic building blocks that define plant structure.
A
empty lumens of dead cells
5
Q
Plant Life: Unifying Principles (7)
A
-Producers
-Nonmotile
Mechanism (terrestrial)
-Grow toward the gravity (geostrophic)
-Avoid desiccation
-Moving (water, minerals and products)
Photoautotrophic
non-motile
highly organized
6
Q
Terrestrial plants are structurally reinforced to support their mass as they grow toward sunlight against the
A
pull of gravity
7
Q
Terrestrial plants lose water continuously by evaporation and have evolved mechanisms for avoiding
A
desiccation
8
Q
Plants growth and development is largely reliant on the availability of the basic requirements for their photoautotrophic life which includes the (4)
A
light
water
minerals
carbon dioxide
9
Q
occurs within their body as
organic molecules are synthesized or broken down in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical processes.
A
Endergonic and exergonic energy exchange
10
Q
branch of science that deals with plant functions encompassing plant growth, metabolism and reproduction.
A
Plant Physiology
11
Q
unravels the relationships and
interactions among various plant processes that underlie plant response, as a whole, to its
growth environment
A
Plant Physiology
12
Q
is the study of the macroscopic arrangements of cells and tissues
within organs, and plant cell biology is the study of the organelles and other small components that make up each cell.
A
Plant anatomy
13
Q
two categories of seed plants:
A
gymnosperms
angiosperms
14
Q
angiosperms (based on the Greek for
A
vessel seed
15
Q
gymnosperms (from the Greek for
A
naked seed
16
Q
____ are the less advanced type; about ___ species are known. The largest group of gymnosperms is the ______, which include such commercially important forest trees as__, ___, ___, and ___.
A
Gymnosperms
700
conifers (“cone-bearers”)
pine, fir, spruce, redwood
17
Q
____, the more advanced type of seed plant, dominate the landscape today. About ____ species are known, but many more remain to be characterized. The major innovation of the angiosperms is the ____
A
Angiosperms
250,000
flower
18
Q
Despite their apparent diversity, all seed plants have the same basic body plan. The vegetative body is composed of three organs:
A
leaf, stem, and root
19
Q
Function:
leaf-
stem-
root-
A
leaf- photosynthesis
stem- support
root- anchorage and absorption
20
Q
Leaves are attached to the stem at
A
nodes
21
Q
the region of the stem between two nodes is termed the
A
internode
22
Q
The stem together with its leaves is commonly referred to as the
A
shoot
23
Q
Furthermore, higher terrestrial plants have
A
shoot systems
root systems
24
Q
Difference between
shoot systems
root systems
A
shoot systems- aerial photosynthetic part
root systems- main absorptive and anchorage
system
25
A leaf is made up of a number of tissues that include the (3)
epidermis
mesophyll layer
vascular tissue
26
Leaves main function for photosynthesis happens mainly on the
mesophyll layer
27
Mesophyll layer is separated into
-palisade layer
-spongy layer
28
packed upper ground tissues of mesophyll layer
palisade layer
29
loosely arranged lower ground tissue of mesophyll of plant is called the
spongy layer
30
structure of palisade cells that allows them to contain more chloroplasts
elongated and cylindrical shape
31
chloroplasts per palisade cell
70%
32
Arrangement of palisade cell that makes them absorb more light that is required for photosynthesis.
close proximity
33
not well suited for photosynthesis processes because they do not receive enough sunlight
spongy cell
34
The loose arrangement of spongy layer is ideal for
gaseous exchange
35
higher terrestrial plants also contain three main plant tissues such as the
dermal tissue
vascular tissue
ground tissue
36
Dermal Tissues (Surface) (2)
Ground Tissues (Fundamental) (3)
Vascular Tissues (2)
Dermal Tissues (Surface) (2)
-Epidermis
-Periderm
Ground Tissues (Fundamental) (3)
-Parenchyma
-Collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma
Vascular Tissues (2)
-Xylem
-Phloem
37
commonly referred to as the “skin” of plants
dermal tissue
38
plant tissue that aid in gaseous exchange between plants and their environment
dermal tissue
39
____these cells are often flattened, tile-like, usually transparent, lack chlorophyll and coated by
waxy substance called___
Epidermis
cuticle
40
Cuticle is made up of
cutin
wax
41
complex plant tissue and the outermost layer of cells in all plant organs
Epidermis
42
Epidermis is important for increasing the ______ in root hairs
absorptive surface area
43
Difference of epidermis and periderm in terms of
-shape
Epidermis-flattened, tile-like
Periderm-semi-rectangular and boxlike
44
specialized cells found in epidermis (3)
guard cells, trichomes
epidermal hairs
root hairs
45
unique epidermal because they are of a different shape and
contain chloroplasts; cells surround the stomata
Guard cells
46
epidermal outgrowths that differ in form in different plants; help regulate heat and water balance of leaves
Trichomes or Epidermal hairs
47
located near the tips of roots; help absorb water and minerals
from soil; increase absorptive area of roots
Root hairs
48
It is the outermost layer of bark and dead at maturity
Periderm
49
Periderm replaces epidermis in stems and roots undergoing
secondary growth
50
Three basic functions of Ground Tissue
- storage
- basic metabolism
- support
51
most abundant type of cells in plants and found in in almost all major parts of higher
plants; comprise most of the edible portions of fruit
parenchyma
52
Shape of
-parenchyma
-collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma
-have thin walls, large vacuoles and spherical in shape
-elongated and have unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary walls and lack
secondary walls
-rigid, thick and with lignified, non-stretchable secondary walls
53
have thin walls, large vacuoles (which contains various secretions such as starch, oils,
tannins and crystals) and spherical in shape
▪ have only primary walls
Parenchyma
54
Parenchyma is the site of basic functions: (4)
food and water storage
photosynthesis
water movement
food transportation
55
parenchyma cells that have many chloroplasts, found in leaves
chlorenchyma
56
some groups of parenchyma cells that are loosely packed
together with connected air spaces. E.g. water lilies
Aerenchyma tissue
57
can divide if they are mature (“living in maturity”; vital in repairing damage to plant
tissues)
Parenchyma
58
typically elongated and have unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary walls and lack
secondary walls
Collenchyma
59
provide support in the growing region of plants, forming strands or continuous
cylinders beneath the dermal tissue of stems and leaf stalk and along veins in leaves,
especially in nonwoody plants
Collenchyma
60
Ground Tissue that is also “living in maturity”
Collenchyma
61
Ground Tissue that does not contain living protoplast when mature = “dead at maturity”
Sclerenchyma
62
rigid, thick and with lignified, non-stretchable secondary walls
Sclerenchyma
63
found in any or all parts of the primary and secondary plant bodies
mainly support and strength to plant parts
Sclerenchyma
64
The secondary walls of this ground tissue are usually impregnated with a complex polysaccharide called
lignin
65
Sclerenchyma is classified as (2)
sclereids and fibers
66
variable in shapes and often branched, relatively short compared; found singly or in small groups throughout the ground tissue
Sclereids
67
long and slender cells as strands or bundles; e.g. linen comes from the woven strands of fibers, ropes and cords come from hard fibers of Manila hemp (abaca) and other textiles
Fibers
68
specialized tissues that transport water and dissolved solutes
Vascular Tissues
69
What they transport
Xylem-
Phloem-
Xylem- water
Phloem-food/nutrients
70
Xylem
- water and dissolved substances are conducted ____ through the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of the plant body
upward
71
made of dead cells at maturity
Xylem
72
conducting cells in xylem
Xylary elements
73
Xylary elements (2)
Tracheids- pitted cell walls
Vessel Elements-wider
74
mostly are barrel-shaped; perforated; relatively shorter and
wider than tracheids and serve chiefly for conduction; perforation plates at the end walls where the vessel elements joined end-to-end to form long, continuous columns known as vessels
Vessel Elements
75
functions for strength and conduction with pitted cell walls; only type of water-conducting cells in most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
Tracheids
76
Principal food-conducting tissue
▪ conducts dissolved organic materials (sugar from photosynthesis, lipids, amino acids,
micronutrients, hormones, floral stimulus (florigen), proteins and RNAs) from leaves
to other plant parts
Phloem
77
Phloem is composed of
“still-living” cells
78
chief function is conduction
Phloem
79
conducting elements of phloem
Sieve elements
80
Sieve elements (2)
Sieve cells
Sieve tubes
81
long, narrow with tapered, overlapping ends; occur mostly in
nonflowering plants (gymnosperms)
Sieve cells
82
shorter and wider; vertically elongated rows of
cylindrical cells with perforated end walls (sieve plate); have living protoplasts at maturity; occur in angiosperms
Sieve tubes
83
parenchyma cells associated with sieve tubes which
help regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates
Companion cells
84
However, all plant cells have the same basic eukaryotic organization: They contain (4)
nucleus
cytoplasm
subcellular organelles
enclosed in a membrane
85
An additional characteristic feature of plant cells is that they are surrounded by a
cellulosic cell wall
86
Phospholipid Bilayers That Contain Proteins
Biological Membranes
87
Plasma Membrane
▪ also called
plasmalemma
88
-allows the cell to take up and retain certain substances while excluding others
-selective traffic of solutes across the membrane
-regulate
the fluxes of ions and metabolites into and out of these compartments
plasma membrane
89
-all biological membranes have the same basic molecular organization
- consist of a double layer (bilayer)
-proteins make up about half of the membrane’s mass
Fluid-mosaic model
90
consist of a double layer (bilayer) of either phospholipids or, in the case of chloroplasts, ____ in which proteins are embedded
glycosylglycerides
91
class of lipids in which two fatty acids are covalently linked to
glycerol, which is covalently linked to a phosphate group;
phospholipids
92
fatty acid chain that usually has one or more cis double bonds
unsaturated fat
93
proteins associated with the lipid bilayer are of three types
-integral
-peripheral
-anchored
94
Protein lipid bilayer
-integral
-peripheral
-anchored
Integral- outside the cell, hydrophobic core of the membrane and interior of the cell, the cytosol
Peripheral- bound to
the membrane surface by noncovalent bonds, such as ionic bonds or hydrogen bonds
Anchored-bound to the membrane surface via lipid molecules, covalently attached.
95
the organelle that contains the genetic information primarily responsible for regulating
the metabolism, growth, and differentiation of the cell
nucleus
96
genes and their intervening sequences are referred to as the
nuclear genome
97
Nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called _____; space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope is called the ______, and the two
membranes of the nuclear envelope join at sites called _____
nuclear envelope
perinuclear space
nuclear pores
98
specific amino acid sequence; is required for a protein to gain entry into the nucleus
nuclear localization signal
99
DNA-protein complex is collectively known as
chromatin
100
Nucleus is the site of storage and replication of the
chromosomes
101
densely granular region; site of ribosome synthesis
nucleolus
102
sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
103
elaborate network of internal membranes
Endoplasmic reticulum
104
membranes of the ER are typical lipid bilayers with interspersed integral and peripheral proteins; these membranes form flattened or tubular sacs known as
cisternae
105
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) shape
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Rough ER-lamellar
Smooth ER-tubular
106
major site of lipid synthesis and
membrane assembly
Smooth ER
107
Network of Internal Membranes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
108
___ and ___ for Secretion Are Processed in the Golgi Apparatus
Proteins and Polysaccharides
109
Golgi Apparatus is a dynamic structure consisting of ____ stacks of ____ flattened membrane
sacs, or cisternae, and an irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the trans Golgi network (TGN);
one or more
three to ten
110
irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the
trans Golgi network (TGN)
111
each individual stack is called a Golgi body ____
dictyosome
112
Golgi plays a key role in the synthesis and secretion of complex ____ and in the assembly of the ____ side chains of glycoproteins
polysaccharides
oligosaccharide
113
plays an important role in cell wall formation; non-cellulosic cell wall
polysaccharides (hemicellulose and pectin) are synthesized, and a variety of glycoproteins, including hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins,
Golgi Apparatus
114
derived from the Golgi carry the polysaccharides and
glycoproteins to the plasma membrane,
secretory vesicles
115
Contains Water and Solutes
Central Vacuole
116
Vacuoles can occupy ____ of the total volume of the cell
80 to 90%
117
each vacuole is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane or
tonoplast
118
small provacuoles is produced by
trans Golgi network
119
specialized protein-storing vacuoles; abundant in seeds
protein bodies
120
storage of hydrolytic enzymes; fuse with the protein bodies to initiate the breakdown process
lytic vacuoles
121
Sites of Energy Conversion
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
122
cellular sites of respiration, a process in which the energy released from sugar
metabolism is used for the synthesis of ATP
Mitochondria
123
infoldings of the inner membrane
cristae
124
compartment enclosed by the inner membrane; contains the
enzymes of the pathway of intermediary metabolism called the Krebs cycle
mitochondrial matrix
125
group of double membrane-enclosed organelles that contains materials commonly
associated with pigments and organic molecules
Plastids
126
lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoids;
Chromoplast
127
nonpigmented plastids, which store a variety of energy sources
in non-photosynthetic tissues
Leucoplast
128
Leucoplast
▪ Amyloplasts –
▪ Elaioplasts –
▪ Proteinoplasts –
▪ Amyloplasts – a type of leucoplast that stores starch
▪ Elaioplasts – a type of leucoplast that stores lipids
▪ Proteinoplasts – a type of leucoplast that contain crystalline bodies of
proteins
129
major site of photosynthesis and lipid synthesis which contains
the green pigment known as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b on its membranes
Chloroplast
130
Chloroplasts belong to another group of double membrane–enclosed organelles called
plastids
131
chloroplasts possess a third system of membranes called
thylakoids
132
chloroplasts contain a three-membrane system
outer membrane,
inner membrane and thylakoids;
133
contains porins = freely permeable to small molecules
outer membrane
134
impermeable to ions and metabolites = restricts the
passage of molecules between the cytosol and the interior organelle
inner membrane
135
central importance in chloroplasts, where it fills the
role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP
thylakoid membrane
136
these three membranes divide chloroplasts into three distinct internal compartments:
- intermembrane space
- stroma
-thylakoid lumen
137
– stack of thylakoids form
o adjacent grana are connected by unstacked membranes called ____
granum
stroma
lamellae
138
fluid compartment surrounding the thylakoids
stroma
139
Two types of energy producing organelles
Mitochondria and chloroplast
140
Biological membranes are phospholipid by layers that contain
Proteins
141
_____ and ____ for secretion are processing the Golgi apparatus
Proteins and polysaccharide
142
The central vacuole contains
Water in salutes
143
Then the plastic reticulum is a
Network of internal membranes
144
Sites of energy conservation
Mitochondria and chloroplast
