Chapter 1: Philosophy of Integrative Medicine Flashcards
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
He was one of the first physicians to believe that every person is a combination of both physical and spiritual properties with no separation between mind and body.
Cartesian split of mind-body duality
- Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was a spiritual mathematician
- Worried that the mind would be reduced by science to something that could be manipulated, but believed the mind / spirit should focus on the church and the body should be left to science
- This philosophy led to the Cartesian split
Reductionist movement of modern medicine
- Furthered by John Locke (1632-1704) and David Hume (1711-1776)
- If we can reduce natural phenomenoa to simple components, we could understand the larger whole
- Reductionism facilitated great discoveries
- This approach doesn’t work well for chronic diseases that involve multiple organ systems, and is responsible for an expensive US healthcare system with poor health outcomes
The Flexner Report (1910) had significant impacts on the development of academic allopathic institutions by emphasizing this triad:
- Research
- Education
- Clinical Practice
When was the Office of Alternative Medicine started in the NIH? What was a challenge it faced?
- 1993
- It was later upgraded to National Center for Complementary and Alrternative Medicine
- In 2014 the name was changed to National Center for Complementary and integrative Health (NCCIH)
- It saw the limitations of using reductionist model’s study methods in evaluating & researching complex systems such as homeopathy, TCM, energy medicine, etc.
What is Integrative Medicine (definition statement)
“Integrative medicine reaffirms the importance of the relationship between the practitioner and patient, focuses on the whole person, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic and lifestyle approaches, health care professionals, and disciplines to achieve optimal health and healing.”
How many US adults used CAM in 2022?
- 62% of US adults used CAM
What are the 10 most common CAM approaches used among US adults in 2012?
- Natural products (17.7%)
- Deep breathing (10.9)
- Yoga, tai chi, or qi gong (10.1)
- chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation (8.4)
- meditation (8.0)
- massage (6.9)
- special diets (3.0)
- homeopathy (2.2)
- progressive relaxation (2.1)
- guided imagery (1.7)
What are the diseases/ conditions for which CAM approaches were most frequently used among US children in 2012?
- Back or neck pain (8.9)
- Other MSK pain (6.0)
- Head or chest colds (5.1)
- Anxiety or stress (3.4)
- ADHD (2.2)
- Insomnia (1.7)
What are the two leading risk factors for heart disease?
- Smoking
- Stress (which many CAM therapies focus on)
Describe the evolution of titles in the field of integrative medicine
- 1970s: Holistic Medicine
- 1980s: CAM
- 1990s: Integrative Medicine
- 2000s: Integrative Health
- Future: Health and healing-oriented systems
Generally should be a shift from “medicine” to “health”
Key Parts of Integrative Medicine
- Emphasizes relationship-centered care
- Integrates conventional and complementary methods for treatment and prevention
- Involves removing barriers that may activate the body’s innate healing response
- Uses natural, less invasive interventions before costly, invasive ones when possible
- Engages mind, body, spirit, and community to facilitate healing
- Maintains that healing is always possible, even when curing is not
Veterans involved in the whole health process saw a reduction in their use of opiates by how much?
Up to 38%
True or False: The Zip Code in which one lives is one of the main drivers of poor health outcomes.
True
Agrees that the job of the physician is to ** sometimes, ** often, ** always
Agrees that the job of the physician is to cure sometimes, heal often, support always. - Hippocrates
