Chapter 1 ; Peace making Flashcards
When was the armistice signed?
11th November 1918
Who signed the armistice?
Matthias Erzberger
Who did Matthias Erzberger sign the Armistice on behalf of?
the Weimar Republic
What did the armistice agree to?
stop fighting and end war
Where did Germany have to remove troops from in order to end war?
foreign land
Which foreign lands did Germany remove troops from for the end of the war?
Alsace-Lorraine
Belgium
Luxembourg
Austria
Turkey
Which foreign lands did Germany have to give back in order for the end of the war?
Alsace-Lorraine
What did Germany have to hand over to the Allies for the war to end?
- navy
- artillery
- aeroplanes
- trains
- trucks
Why did Germany hand over navy, aeroplanes etc?
to remove germany as a military threat
Who did Germany have to release for the war to end?
all allied prisoners
What did Germany have to allow in order for the war to end?
allow allied troops to occupy Rhineland
What did Germany have to give up in order for the war to end?
give up payments agreed by Russia when they admitted defeat
What did Germany have to accept about Britain?
Britain would act as a naval blockade
Why did Britain act as a naval blockade to Germany following the armistice signing?
prevent food and supplies reaching Germany
What did Germany have to accept about the armistice?
Germany would be blamed
reparations paid
How did the Allies react to the signing of the Armistice?
celebrated
How did Germany react to the signing of the Armistice?
divided and faced Civil war
Why were Germans so angry at the Armistice?
victory seemed close in Spring 1918
Who was George Clemenceau?
Prime Minister of France
Which part of France had been occupied and damaged by German troops during the war?
north eastern France
What happened as a result of damage to the North East of France?
damage to agriculture and industry
How many French soldiers were killed in WW1?
1 in 8
How many French soldiers were wounded in WW1?
over half
What did Clemenceau want?
revenge
punishment of Germans
Was Germany punished to Clemenceau’s desire?
not enough
What did Clemenceau want Germany to do?
pay for the war
Were the reparations satisfactory for Clemenceau?
no - he wanted the Saar coalfields permanently
How long was France given the Saar coalfields for?
15 years
What did Clemenceau want to happen to Germany’s army?
disbanded completely
Was Clemenceau satisfied with the return of Alsace-Lorraine?
yes!
What did Clemenceau want to happen to the Rhineland?
a new country to act as a buffer
Was Clemenceau satisfied with the demilitarisation of the Rhineland?
he wanted it to be a new country
What concerned Clemenceau in the East?
communist threat
Were Germany able to combat a Communist evolution after the war?
yes - Clemenceau satisfied
How did French people feel about the armistice?
too lenient
What did the French people want to happen to Germans?
suffer like the French had done
What happened to Clemenceau in the next election in France?
he was voted out
List some famous phrases by the British about Germany
‘hang the kaiser’
‘make germany pay’
‘squeeze germany like a lemon until the pips squeak’
Who was David Lloyd George?
Prime Minister of Britain
How did Lloyd George want Germany to be punished?
not so much that it should cause another war
How did Lloyd George want Germany to be as a trading partner?
a strong trading partner
Why did Germany never become a trading partner of Britian?
crippled by war and reparations
What did Lloyd George want Britain to recieve?
indemnities
What were the indemnities use to pay?
pensions of British war veterans
What did Lloyd George want to happen to the empire?
expand
How did Britain benefit from the ToV in terms of the empire?
gained German and Turkish colonies
Where did Britain gain German colonies?
Africa
How did Britain gain Turkish colonies?
from League of Nations mandates
Where did Britain gain Turkish colonies?
Middle East
What did Lloyd George want to maintain after the ToV?
control of the seas
How did Britain maintain control of the seas?
German navy was handed over
What concerned Lloyd George in the East?
communist threat
What did Lloyd George want from the ToV?
justice
Who felt a sense of injustice surrounding the ToV?
Germans, also some British
How did British people feel about the ToV?
fair - could be harsher
How did the British feel about Lloyd George?
heroic
How did British people feel as the years went by?
too harsh
Who was Woodrow Wilson?
President of the United of the States
When did the United States join the war?
1917
What did Woodrow Wilson have to achieve in ToV?
not be dragged into European wars in the future
How did Americans feel about the ToV?
too harsh
What did many Americans turn to following the war?
isolationism
What did the Senate refuse to approve?
ToV
What did the USA fail to do?
join the League of Nations
Who did Wilson want to demilitarise?
everyone
Who was made to demilitarise in the ToV?
Germany
Who did not have to demilitarise after WW1?
victorious allies
What did Wilson want to come to an end with WW1?
empires
Why did Wilson empires to end with WW1?
serbs wanted bosnia free from austria in 1914 - caused war
What did Wilson prefer to empires?
self determination
What happened to the empires of Britain and France?
got even bigger
Which nations adopted self determination?
new eastern European nations
Why did Wilson want the LoN to be created?
avoid wars through negotiation and collective security
What did Wilson want with the peace?
peace without victors - no cause for revenge
What is the element of Wilson’s fourteen points surrounding arms?
reduction in arms and ban on secret treaties
What is the element of Wilson’s fourteen points surrounding colonies?
countries cannot claim colonies without consulting each other and locals
What is the element of Wilson’s fourteen points surrounding self determination?
self determination for countries previously in Austro-Hungarian empire
What is the element of Wilson’s fourteen points surrounding Belguim?
independence for Belgium
What is the element of Wilson’s fourteen points surrounding France?
France to regain Alsace Lorraine
What is the element of Wilson’s fourteen points surrounding Poland?
Poland to have access to the sea and be independent
What is the element of Wilson’s fourteen points surrounding LoN?
LoN to be set up to settle disputes
How many men were allowed in Germany’s army following the ToV?
100,000 men in army
How many battleships were allowed in Germany’s army following the ToV?
6 battleships
How many submarines were Germany allowed following the ToV?
no submarines
What was disbanded in Germany’s military completely?
air force and conscription
Why did Germany hate the term surrounding their armed forces?
- weakened Germany
- had been source of national pride
Why did the terms surrounding their military weaken Germany?
open to constant threat and invasion
Why did the terms surrounding their military humiliate them?
had been national pride in Prussia
What happened when Rhineland was demilitarised?
no German troops allowed to enter area
How did the demilitarisation of the Rhineland effect Germany?
left vulnerable to attack from France
-> invaded in 1923
Which nation received Alsace Lorraine back from Germany?
France
What was created following the ToV?
Polish Corridor
Why did Germany dislike the lost land and colonies?
- colonies were source of income and pride
- lost resources like coal in Saar
What was the guilt clause of the ToV called?
Article 231
What did Article 231 blame on Germany?
outbreak of WW1
Why did Germany hate the Article 231?
hoped to be treated as an equal but got the oppostie
What was forbidden following ToV?
Anschluss
Why did the Germans hate that Anschluss had been forbidden?
some German speakers were denied self determination
What was Germany banned from joining?
the League of Nations
Why did Germany hate being banned from joining the LoN?
sense of exclusion
What was the diktat?
had no say in the treaty
Why did the Germans hate the diktat?
given terms of treaty without any say
How much did Germany have to pay in reparations?
£6.6 billion
When was the final figure of reparations released?
1921
How did the release of the figure in 1921 affect Germans?
two sets of punishment
How did the reparations effect Germans?
crippled the economy
led to invasion of Ruhr and humiliation
Which country received North Schelswig?
Denmark
Which country received West Prussia?
Poland
Which country received the rich farmland of Posen?
Poland
What happened to the city of the Danzig?
free city run by League of Nations
Which country received Silisea?
Czechoslovakia
Which country received Eupen and Malmedy?
Belgium
How much land did Germany lose after ToV?
13%
How much of population did Germany lose after ToV?
6 million
1/8 of population
What did the war guilt clause cause?
outrage
Why were the government frustrated?
fourteen points had not been basis for settlement
What myth began following the ToV?
stab in the back
betrayal of socialists and Jews
What did the German government initially react to the ToV?
would not sign it
What did German naval commanders do in response to the ToV?
scuttled their own battle ships rather than permanently hand them over
Where did German naval commanders scuttle their own ships?
British Scapa Flow Base
When did Germany fall behind with reparations?
1922
What happened as a result of Germany falling behind with reparations?
French and Belgian troops entered Rhineland and Ruhr to take materials
What did the German government in response to the invasion of the Ruhr?
workers to go on strike to prevent French and Belgian troops taking anything
How did the French and Belgian troops respond to the strike?
100 workers killed
100,000 protestors expelled
What happened as a result of the invasion of the Ruhr?
hyperinflation and political instability
What happened to the Austro-Hungarian empire as a result of the Paris Peace Conference?
split into new countries
How did the creation of new states cause problems with negotiating?
many countries eager to receive reparations - rushed decision making
How did the creation of new states cause problems with self determination?
new states contained people from different ethnic backgrounds, some unhappy in new country
Define self determination
right of a country to form its own government without interference
When did Czechoslovakia declare independence?
1918
What empire had Czechoslovakia been apart of?
Austo-Hungarian empire
What kind of state was Czechoslovakia?
democratic
How did Czechoslovakia suceed?
inherited Austria’s industry - built strong economy
Why were the tensions in Czechoslovakia?
fifth of population were German speaking in Sudetenland - resented being part Czechoslovakia
How much of Czechoslovakia’s population was German speaking?
1/5
Where did the German speakers live in Czechoslovakia?
Sudetenland
What formed Yugoslavia?
many different ethnic groups
Why did the Allies create Poland?
buffer between Germany and USSR
What land did Poland receive?
Polish corridor
What did the Polish corridor give Poland?
access to the sea
How did the Polish corridor weaken Germany?
split it in two
Who populated the Polish corridor?
mainly German speakers
How did the German speakers feel about living in the Polish corridor?
hated it
Why was the Polish corridor vulnerable?
USSR to east
Germany to west
How did the USSR feel about the Polish corridor?
disputed the border
How did Germany feel about the Polish corridor?
resented the loss of land
Which Treaty happened in Austria?
Treaty of St Germain
Where was the Treaty of St Germain signed?
Austria
When was the Treaty of St Germain signed?
1919
Which Treaty happened in Hungary?
Treaty of Trianon
Where was the Treaty of Trianon signed?
Hungary
When was the Treaty of Trianon signed?
1920
Which Treaty happened in Bulgaria?
Treaty of Neuilly
Where was the Treaty of Neuilly signed?
Bulgaria
When was the Treaty of Neuilly signed?
1919
Which Treaty happened in Turkey?
Treaty if Sevres
Where was the Treaty of Sevres signed?
Turkey
When was the Treaty of Sevres signed?
1920
Which Treaty happened in Switzerland?
Treaty of Lausanne
Where was the Treaty of Lausanne signed?
Switzerland
When was the Treaty of Lausanne signed?
1923
Why was the War Guilt Clause unfair?
cause for war was not Germany’s fault
What was a real cause to WW1?
The Arms Race
Why was the armistice a diktat?
Germans believed it would be based off Wilson’s 14 points - it was not, they were not allowed to negotiate
Why were the new states unfair?
6 million Germans displaced in hostile countries - Germany reclaim land in WW2
Why were the new countries created unfair?
grouped together people who did not want to share a country
What unrest was caused as a result of the new countries made at the Paris Peace Conference?
Yugoslavia civil war
Czechoslovakia split in 2
When did Yugoslavia collapse into civil war?
1991
When did Czechoslovakia split in 2?
1993
What did the Treaty of Sevres cause?
revolt
How did the revolt affect the Treaty of Sevres?
overturned
How was the settlement fair in terms of agreement?
Germany agreed to several terms of the treaty
How was the settlement fair in terms of reparations?
Germany agreed to pay
only paid a fraction
How was the settlement fair in terms of Germany’s recovery?
economically stable to start a 2nd war within 20 years
What did the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk show?
if the allies had been defeated - they would have been treated badly be Germans
What did the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk show?
took a over a quarter of people and agricultural land
