chapter 1 patho basics Flashcards by Julie Knapp

hypertrophy

increase in SIZE of cell d/t increased workload

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hyperplasia

increase NUMBER of cells d/t inc workload, hormonal stim. or decreased tissue

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Metaplasia

replacement of 1 adult cell with another that can better endure the change (chronic inflammation or irritation_

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dysplasia

deranged cell growth –> abnormal size, shape and appearance (precancerous or can be reversible)

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medulla oblongata

vital functions

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pituitary gland

regulates other glands and growth, maturation and reproduction

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reticular formation-

large network of connected tissue that controls vital reflexes: CV function and respirate

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pathogenesis

diseases development

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General adaptation model

stressor, alarm reaction, resistance, Recovery or exhaustion

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GAS alarm rx

arousal of CNS, epi and norepi released causing inc hr, inc force of contractions, inc o2 intake, intc mental activity

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viruses

must have a host cell to replicate

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bacteria

no true nucleus, reproduce by cell division, have either exotoxins (released during cell growth) or endotoxins (released when cell wall decomposes–these cause fever)

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fungi

very large–yeasts, molds

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mycotic infection

caused by pathogenic fungi–release mycotoxin

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lysozymes-

bacteria killing particles in secretions

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CAUTION

Change in bowel/bladder
A sore that doesn't heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening or lump
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious changes in a wart or mole
Nagging cough/hoarseness

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Prokaryotes

No distinct nucleus, single circular chromosome no organelles or histones, cyanobacteria, bacteria and rickets

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Eukaryotes

Complex cellular organization, membrane-bound organelles, will defined nucleus with several chromosomes

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Cellular function that occurs in all cell types

Metabolic absorption. All cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm fill space between nucleus and plasma membrane

Nucleus

Nucleus responsible for cell division and genetic information

Ribosomes

Ribosomes responsible for RNA protein complexes. Synthesized in the nucleolus and is the site for cellular protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum. Synthesis folding and transport

of proteins

Golgi apparatus

Processes and packages proteins, secretary vesicles and cytoskeleton (gets the proteins out)

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes for digestions, sack like structure, cell injury would cause enzyme release that leads to cellular destruction

Peroxisome

Breakdown substances into harmless products, contain oxidative enzymes

Mitochondria

Cellular energy metabolism ATP generation, roll in pH control calcium homeostasis osmotic regulation and cell signaling

What are the different cell specializations?

``` Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion Respiration Reproduction Communication ```

Which cell structure maintains fluid and electrolyte balance?

plasma membrane

what is the plasma membrane made of?

lipid bilayer

``` this cell structure has the following functions: Cell-to-cell recognition Cellular mobility Cellular shape Movement of molecules ```

functions of the plasma membrane

describe the lipids in the plasma membrane

- Amphipathic (hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head) i.e. polar - serves as barrier to diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances. allows lipid soluble molecules like o2 and co2 to diffuse through the membrane. - Molecular glue (lipids and protein assemblies_ maintain structural integrity of the membrane.

what molecule performs most of the plasma membranes tasks?

proteins

decribe the functions of the plasma membrane proteins

``` Receptors Transport channels/carriers Enzymes Surface markers Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Catalysts ```

what is proteostasis and what regulates this?

``` State ofacell balance protein synthesis, folding and dehydration. Main role is to minimize protein misfolding and protein aggregation Regulated by: Ribosomes (makers) Chaperones (helpers) Proteolytic systems Lysosomes Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) ```

what are the functions of carbohydrates in plasma membrane

Protection Lubrication Recognition Adhesion

describe cellular receptors

protein molecules ON the plasma membrane IN the cytoplasm or IN the nucleus that can recognize and bind with smaller molecules called ligands. the region the protein connects with ligands is called the binding site This activates or inhibits the signaling/biochem pathway

examples of ligands

hormones, neurotransmitters, antigesn, complement components, lipprotein, infectious agents, drugs and metabolites

3 types of cell to cell adhesions (how cells are held together in a formation)

cell adhesion molecules extracellular matrix cell junctions

what makes the extracellular membrane?

fibroblasts, from the cell itself

what Regulates cell growth, movement, and differentiation

extracellular membrane

what makes up the extracellular membrane?

Collagen Elastin Fibronectin

what is a basement membrane?

a specialized type of extracellular membrane, thing tough flexible sheet. lies beneath epithelial cells, between two cell sheets, surrounds individual muscle and fat and schwann cells. it's like glue but provides a pathway for diffusion of nutrients, wastes and other water soluble supstances between blood and tissue.

anabolism vs catabolism

anabolism--energy is consumed | catabolism energy is released

examples of passive vs active cell transport

passive: Osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion (high to low concentration) active: uses energy--Pumps (Na+ K+) endocytosis, and exocytosis

2 phases of cell division

mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division) note that M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic division Also--interphase--work to prepare for cell division and double mass

Phases of interphase

G1, S and G2